Download A roadmap for electrification of chemical industry

A roadmap for electrification
of chemical industry
Rob Kreiter
ECN-L--15-049
Acknowledgements
Ministry of Economic Affairs for financial support
Contributions: Jan Wilco Dijkstra, Robert de Kler, Arjen Boersma, Yvonne van Delft, Martijn
de Graaff, Paul Koutstaal, Simon Spoelstra, Robert de Boer, Gerhard Reeling Brouwer.
New energy sources cause big changes
Electricity
D.S. Scott, The energy system, 1993
The Dutch (petro)chemical industry
Import
oil
Competition with middle/far east
Clean and green
Fuels
Biomass
CO2
Renewable
Electricity
Electricity
Cheap
natural gas
Supply issues
High value
Chemicals
The Energy system Outlook
Electricity will play an increasingly important role in energy systems of the future, both in
sustainable generation, smart distribution, and smart end-use consumption
Source: Energy Technology
Perspectives 2014 - Harnessing
Electricity's Potential.
Energy use in the Dutch chemical industry
Share of 3167 PJ final use
5%1%
Energy use NL in GW continuous
21
Chemistry
10%
27%
37
Refineries
16
Industry other
10%
Oil and gas
3,4
103
Transport
5%
14%
10%
Year Source
2013 Total electricity generated
2013
renewable electricity
2030 Total electricity generated
2030
renewable electricity (53%)
2030
intermittent solar/wind (87%)
GWeq cont
GWinstalled
13.5
1.4
14.1
7.5
6.5
30
26
Source: Nationale Energieverkenning, 2014
Electricity
Waste and water
Energetic
Agriculture
Feedstock
Services
Total
Industry
2%
Electricity production
Energy use
NL
16%
Housholds
Increasing share of renewable energy
Solar and Wind
Source: Nationale energieverkenning 2014
Renewables have a variable supply
Variability of supply
and demand
Transport
limitations
Variable price
Price duration curve (2030)
160
140
price (EUR/MWh
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
time (hrs)
Time
Place
Price
Sources: de Joode, 2014, NEV, 2015
Visie 2030, Tennet
Sources of flexibility
Flexible supply
Demand response
& conversion
Interconnection
Energy Storage
Elements: the value of electricity in chemical
industry
Value as heat
Electricity replaces conventional heating using mostly natural gas
Value as intermediates
Electricity is used to make intermediates (e.g. hydrogen, NH3)
Product value
Electricity used directly to make end products
Electrification technologies
Illustrative cost curve of demand-side response (estimation 2040 – 2050)
Methodology
• Cost curve of
Cost
€/MWh
electrification options
in 2040 -2050
150
Assumptions
– High CO2 price
– High volatility
power markets
– Electricity storage
mature technology
50
Illustrative
Power to Heat (storage)
Power to
Specialty
Chemicals
100
Power to Gas (H2/Fuels)
0
-50
0
10
-100
20
30
40
Power to Commodity &
Specialty Chemicals
Power to Fine
Chemicals
50
60
70
80
90
Flex power
Load Curve
% of hours
Participation area for
secondary control
(imbalance power market)
Economics of demand-side response options determine their dispatch strategy:
Power to fine and specialty chemicals - mainly base-load power off-take.
Power to heat - wide range of profitable application (e.g. E-grid management,
imbalance market or day ahead options).
Power to gas – Imbalance market, intraday and day ahead markets.
The impact of variability
A higher added value of electricity in the process means
a lower incentive for making use of the price variability
Price
variability
Flexible processes
P-to-Heat/Cold
P-to-Intermediates
P-to-Products
Value of electricity
Electrification technologies
Capital requirement x Risks
Technology Maturity Curve of electrification options (2015)
Power to Hydrogen
(PEM electrolysers)
Kalina cycle
Feedstock renewable
bio-based, CO2 & H2O:
• Formic acid
• Ethylene
• Fuels
Steam
compressor
Power to
Methane
TA Heat Pump
HT piston
compressor
Feedstock fossil & biobased:
• MCA
• Phosgene
• FDCA
Electrochemical
reduction/oxidations
(Chlorine, ammonia, alkaline)
Electrode boiler
Heat pump
• Rankine cycle
• Brayton cycle
Research
Design
Demonstrate
Deployment
Legend:
 Power to Heat/Cold
 Power to Gas (hydrogen/methane)
 Power to Chemicals / Fuels
Mature
Time
High level Road Map of Electrification
Capacity
(MWh)
-
Addition to syngas, e.g. methanol
Input refinery
Ammonia (via H2)
Formic acid (via H2)
Power to Gas
(H2/CH4) / to
Chemical
Power to Heat
(Upgrading)
Power to
Commodity &
Specialty Chemical
Feedstock: renewables
biobased, CO2 & H2O
- Syngas
- Ammonia (direct)
- Formic acid (direct)
- Ethylene (direct)
- Butanol (direct)
- Fuels
Power to Specialty
Chemical
Feedstock fossil bulk &
renewables, biobased
Power to Fine
Chemical
-
Fragrances
Specific fine chemicals
-
MCA
Phosgene
FDCA
Feedstock
fossil bulk
Time
Now
2020
2030
2040
2050