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Types of Cells Cell Theory • All living things are made of one or more cells • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism • Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells Scientists Who Contributed To The Cell Theory • In 1665, Robert Hooke observed first cells (dead cells) • In 1673, Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed first live cells • In 1838, Matthias Schleiden stated that all plants are made of cells • In 1839, Theodore Schwann stated that all animals are made of cells • In 1855, Rudolf Virchow stated that new cells came from existing cells Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes 2 Main Divisions of Cells Prokaryotes • Oldest cells (3.5 billion years old) • Smallest cells • Have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles • Only bacteria are prokaryotes Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotes • Most likely evolved from prokaryotic cells approximately 1.5 billion years ago • Larger than prokaryotes • Contain a nucleus & many organelles • Make up all living things EXCEPT bacteria • Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic Organelles Shared by Euk’s & Prok’s • Cell membrane • Cytoplasm • Ribosomes Evolution of Eukaryotes • Approx. 2.0 – 1.5 billion years ago, a small prokaryote entered a large prokaryote • The small prokaryote lived and reproduced inside the larger prokaryote – Endosymbiosis – a mutually beneficial relationship between one organism & another that lives within it • The small prokaryotes became the organelles inside eukaryotic cells – Examples: mitochondria & chloroplasts Evidence of Endosymbiosis •Mitochondria & chloroplasts have their own DNA & ribosomes, which means they could have survived on their own billions of years ago 2 Types of Eukaryotes Animal Cells Centrioles Lysosomes Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts large central vacuole Plant Cell Vacuole Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Chloroplast Cell Membrane Ribosome (attached) Nuclear envelope Cell wall Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Animal Cell Ribosome (attached) Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles
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