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Pathologic Responses of the Nervous System GROSS CHANGES Finding the lesion Gross artefacts Gross lesions HISTOLOGIC REACTIONS OF CELLS Reactions of Neurons • swelling and shrinkage Reactions of Neurons • satellitosis • neuronophagia Reactions of Neurons • chromatolysis • ischaemic nerve cell change Reactions of Neurons neurapraxis - loss of function only axonotmesis - damage to axons with preservation of myelin sheaths neurotmesis - severance of entire nerve fibre Reactions of Neurons wallerian degeneration and regeneration Reactions of Neurons wallerian degeneration and regeneration Reactions of Neurons swollen axons, spheroids, neuroaxonal dystrophy Reactions of astrocytes hyperplasia and hypertrophy reactive astrocytes fibrillary astrogliosis gemistocytes Reactions of oligodendrocytes hydropic swelling hypomyelination status spongiosus demyelination remyelination Reactions of microglial cells microgliosis perivascular cuffs microglial nodule/’star’ gitter cells Reactions of Schwann cells wallerian degeneration and regeneration in PNS hypomyelination and demyelination Mechanisms of Neuropathology Malformations physical infectious toxic genetic multifactorial Malformations Infectious, Inflammatory, Immune a. Viral b. Bacterial c. Fungal d. Protozoal e. Heiminth f. Immune space-occupying lesions and herniation Toxic Diseases symmetrical diffuse selective Nutritional Diseases deficiencies symmetrical Metabolic Diseases electrolytes glucose organ failure Metabolic Diseases inherited defects, especially: neuronal abiotrophies [‘lack of trophic factors’] Metabolic Diseases inherited defects, especially: lysosomal storage disease Vascular Lesions per-acute infarction emboli and thrombi Neoplastic Diseases brachycephalic dogs CNS - glial and meningeal tumours PNS - Schwann cell tumours secondary and axial tumours Neoplastic Diseases invade, replace or compress tissue space-occupying effect
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