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Bacteria, Viruses and Protists Bacteria • What bacteria are? • Are they important? • One gram of soil can have billions of them Characteristics of bacteria • • • • Prokaryote, unicellular Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Small in size (microscopic) A few can be relatively larger Characteristics of bacteria • Shape – Bacilli (rod-shaped) – Cocci (spherical) – Spirilla (spiral) • Some bacteria have flagella Characteristics of bacteria Bacterial reproduction • Binary fission Endospore • Endospore – Inactive form – Protective function – Regeneration – Found in some bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria • Diversity in shapes, functions and interactions • Classified by the means of acquiring food – Producers (make their own food) – Consumers (eat other organisms) – Decomposers (feed on dead matter) Kingdom Eubacteria • Cyanobacteria – Producers and contain chlorophyll – Usually live in water – Can have other pigments as well Kingdom Archaebacteria • Considered to be primitive • Mostly in extreme conditions • The major types include – Thermophiles (living at high temperature) – Halophiles (living at high salt concentration) – Methanogens (produce methane) Kingdom Archaebacteria Good bacteria • Nitrogen fixation Good bacteria • Recycling materials • Cleaning up Good bacteria • Bacteria in foods (yoghurt, cheese etc.) • You eat bacteria with your food Good bacteria • • • • Making medicines and pharmaceuticals Insulin Industrial products Genetic engineering Bad bacteria • Harmful bacteria • Pathogenic bacteria (cause diseases) • Antibiotics and vaccines • Plants (rot, crown gall, spots etc.) • Animals and humans (anthrax, tuberculosis, dysentery) Viruses Viruses • • • • Smaller than bacteria Can change rapidly Can cause diseases (parasites) Require a host for propagation Viruses • Are they alive? – – – – Virus is not a cell No organelles, can’t break food, can’t function on its own Contain protein and nucleic acid Require a host for reproduction Viruses Viruses • Classification – DNA or RNA virus • Can infect other living things (bacteria, plants, animals, humans) • Flu, polio, AIDS, chicken pox • Vaccination Viruses • Life cycle – Dormant vs. destructive Protists Protists • Members of kingdom Protista • Characteristics – Most are single celled, some could have many cells, others live in a colony. All are eukaryotes – Some make their own food, some eat other organisms – Some can move – Less complex – do not have specialized tissues Protists • Have many different shapes Protists and their food • Some are producers (contain chlorophyll) autotrophs • Others heterotrophs (decomposers or parasites) – animal like e.g. amoeba, paramecium – Plant like e.g. euglena, chlamydomonas – Fungi like e.g. slime mold Producing more protists • Asexually Producing more protists • Conjugation (sexual reproduction) Producing more protists • Some protists have complex cycles • Plasmodium and malaria Types of protists • Algae (producers – contain pigments) – Green, red, brown algae Types of protists • Diatoms (Photosynthetic) Types of protists • Euglenoids Types of protists • Amoeba • Pseudopodia and movement Types of protists • Shelled protozoa Types of protists • Flagellated (contains flagella) Types of protists • Ciliated (contains cilia) Types of protists • Slime molds (decomposers)
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