Download Essential Chemistry for Botany

Botany Student Outline – Essential Chemistry for Botany
Essential Chemistry for Botany
1.
Introduction
A.
Organic
i.
Monomers
a.
Carbohydrate Example: Glucose – C6H12O6
•
b.
ii.
2.
Isomers
Example: Amino Acid
Polymers
Carbohydrates
A.
Monosaccharide
•
Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
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Botany Student Outline – Essential Chemistry for Botany
B.
Disaccharides
*
Maltose – glucose + glucose
*
Sucrose – glucoes + fructose
*
Lactose - glucose + galactose
C.
Polysaccharide
i.
Structural Polysaccharides
•
Glucose Bonds
a.
Cellulose
•
Microfibril
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Botany Student Outline – Essential Chemistry for Botany
ii.
iii.
3.
Storage Polysaccharids
a.
Amylose
b.
Amylopectin
c.
Inulin
Storage Polysaccharids and Enzymes
Proteins
A.
Structure
i.
Amino Acid
NH
2
C NH
NH
CH2
CH2
OH
NH
2
C
COOH
NH
2
C
H
H
Serine
Glycine
CH2
CH3
H
CH2
COOH
NH2
C
H
Alanine
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COOH
NH2
C
COOH
H
Araginine (E)
Botany Student Outline – Essential Chemistry for Botany
ii.
a.
Nonessential Amino Acids
b.
Essential Amino Acids
Peptide Synthesis
iii.
B.
C.
Protein Structure
a.
Hydrogen Bonds
b.
Structural Classifications
•
Primary Structure
•
Secondary Structure
•
Tertiary Structure
•
Quaternary Structure
c.
Denaturation
Glycoproteins
i.
Expansins
a.
extensin
Functions
i.
Storage
ii.
Enzymes
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Botany Student Outline – Essential Chemistry for Botany
4.
Nucleic Acids
A.
Nucleotide
i.
Phosphate
ii.
Sugar
a.
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
b.
Ribose (in RNA)
iii. Base
a.
Pyrimidines
•
Cytosine (and methylcytosine)
•
Thymine (in DNA)
•
Uricil (in RNA)
b.
Purines
•
Adenine
•
Guanine
B.
Forms
i.
DNA
ii.
RNA
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Botany Student Outline – Essential Chemistry for Botany
5.
6.
Lipids
A.
Glycerides: Basic Structure
i.
Glycerol
ii.
Fatty Acids
a.
Alpha End
b.
Omega End
•
 – 3,
 – 6,
–9
c.
Chain Length
iii. Assembly
a.
Ester bond
*
Esterification
*
Deesterification
*
Reesterification.
•
Mononglycerides
•
Diglycerides
•
Triglycerides
iv.
Saturated
v.
Unsaturated
a.
Monounsaturated
*
Canola Oil
*
Olive Oil
b.
Polyunsaturated
*
Corn Oil
vi.
Hydrogenation of Plant Oils
a.
Cis
•
Oleic Acid
b.
Trans
c.
Effect
•
Cell Membrane
vii. Essential Fatty Acids
a.
Linolenic Acid (omega 3 )
b.
Linoleic Acid (omega 6)
c.
Functions
•
Membrane Structure
B.
Phospholipids
•
Lecithin
Waxes
A.
Cuticle
i.
Epicuticular Wax
ii.
Cutin
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Botany Student Outline – Essential Chemistry for Botany
7.
Metabolites
•
Glycosides
A.
Functions
B.
Major Metabolite Classification
i.
Alkaloids
ii.
Terpenoids
from Reuch
a.
Classificaiton of Terpenoids
•
Monoterpenes
•
Diterpenes
*
Example: Giberellins
•
Triterpenes
*
Sterols
•
Carotenoids
*
Example: Beta Carotene
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Botany Student Outline – Essential Chemistry for Botany
iii.
Phenolics
a.
Simple Phenolics
b.
Phenylpropanoids
c.
Flavonoids
•
Anthocyanins
Phenolic Polymers
•
Tannin
•
Lignin (figure 2.15) polymeric
phenylpropanoids
d.
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Botany Student Outline – Essential Chemistry for Botany
C.
Minor Metabolite Classification
i.
Cyanogenic Glycosides
a.
Example: Cassava
b.
Basic Chemistry
Linamarin (Cyanogenic Glycoside)
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