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Community Ecology Community Group of individuals from different species in a given area Species Richness Relative abundance Shannon Index Calculates the diversity of the community H=-(pAlnpA + pBlnpB + pClnpC+…) Higher-Diversity Communities More productive More resistant to invasive species Quagga and Zebra Mussels Artichoke Thistle ESS Interspecific Interactions Interaction Ind. # 1 Ind. # 2 Competition - - Predation + - Mutualism + + Commensalism + 0 Competition Interspecific Intraspecific Competitive Exclusion Rule Two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche Resource Partitioning Character Displacement Predation Plant Defenses Physical Thorns Spines Chemical Poisons • • • • Nicotine Strychnine Morphine Tannins Animal Defenses Physical Shells Horns/Antlers/Quills Teeth Chemical Poisons Odors Animal Defenses Cryptic Coloration Aposematic Coloration Animal Defenses Batesian Mimicry Mullerian Mimicry Animal Defenses Mutualism Commensalism Trophic Levels Primary Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Quaternary Consumers Trophic Levels Primary Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Quaternary Consumers Keystone Species Keystone Species Top-Down Model Predation controls community organization Also called the trophic cascade model. Keystone Species Bottom-Up Model Suggests direction influence from the lowest trophic levels Control by the absence or presence of micronutrients which controls plant communities Adding more nutrients = more biomass
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