Download Thomas Ring and Cydney West

Thomas Ring
&
Cydney West
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Conscription
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Mobilization
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Process of assembling troops
and supplies and making them
ready for war (in 1914, this was
considered an act of war)
Triple Alliance
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A military draft
Formed by Austria, Italy, and
Germany in 1882.
Triple Entente

Formed by France, Great
Britain, and Russia in 1907.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
While Archduke Francis
Ferdinand and his wife visited
Sarajevo on June 28, 1914,
members of The Black Hand
waited for them in the streets.
This Serbian terrorist group
wanted Bosnia to become free
from Austria-Hungary and to
become part of a large Serbian
Kingdom. Though the
conspirators threw a bomb at the
Archduke’s car, they missed and
hit the car behind them. Francis
Ferdinand was shot later that day
by a 19 year old Bosnian Serb
named Gavrilo Princip.

Austro-Hungarian government was unsure if
the assassination of Francis Ferdinand was
directly influenced by the Serbian government.
However, the Serbian government’s involvement
was unimportant- it gave the Austro-Hungarian
government an opportunity to “render Serbia
innocuous [harmless] once and for all by a
display of force.” Austria needed the help of
Germany to attack Serbia which leads us to
Emperor William II.
Emperor William II
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German Emperor, William II,
responded to the Austrians
by giving them full support
even if “matters went to the
length of a war between
Austria-Hungary and
Russia.”
An ultimatum was sent to
Serbia in which there were
such “extreme demands,”
some had to be rejected.
Austria-Hungary declared
war on Serbia on July 28.
Czar Nicholas II
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Just as Germany supported
Austria, Russia supported
Serbia. July 28- Czar Nicholas
II ordered partial mobilization
of the Russian army.
Russian military leaders
informed Nicholas that partial
mobilization plans were based
on a war against both Austria
and Germany.
Full mobilization was ordered
on July29, despite the fact that
this order was considered an
act of war by Germany.
Militarism
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Definition: reliance on military
strength
Growth of armies in Europe after
1900 increased tension in European
nations. These mass armies also
made it clear that war would be
highly destructive.
Because conscription had become
a regular practice, European armies
doubled between 1890 and 1914.
STATS
Russia (the largest) had 1.3
million men
France and Germany had
900,000 each
Austria, Britain, and Italy had
between 250,000 and 500,000
each
Increase in military- Increase of
influence of military leaders.
Complex plans for mobilizing
millions left little room for error.
In 1914, political leaders had to
make military decisions instead
of political reasons.
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Which ethnic groups were left without nations in Europe
before 1914?
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Slavic minorities in the Balkans and the Hapsburg Empire, Irish
in the British Empire, and the Poles in the Russian Empire.
How did the creation of military plans help draw nations
of Europe into WWI?
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Creation of military plans was seen as an act of war in 1914.
Threatened countries were drawn into WWI.

Which decisions made by European leaders in 1914 led directly to
the outbreak of war?
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Southeastern states in Europe struggled for independence from Ottoman
rule. Austria-Hungary and Russia sought domination over these states.
Serbia wanted to create a large independent Slavic state in the Balkans.
Austria-Hungary was determined to prevent that.
What were the chief domestic problems confronting European
nations before 1914?

Socialists became Increasingly inclined to use strikes (sometimes violent)
to achieve their goals. This alarmed conservative leaders who feared a
European Revolution. This suppression of internal conflict encouraged
European leaders to go to war.
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Propaganda- Ideas spread to
influence public opinion for or
against a cause
Trench Warfare- Fighting from
ditches protected by barbed wire
War of Attrition- A war based on
wearing the other side down by
constant attacks and heavy
losses.
Total War- Involving a complete
mobilization of resources and
people.
Planned Economies- systems
directed by government agencies
Lawrence of Arabia

Lawrence of Arabia was a
British officer in the Middle
East in 1917. He wanted
Arab princes to oppose
their Ottoman overlords. In
1918, British forces from
Egypt attacked and
destroyed the Ottoman
Empire in the Middle East.
The British had help from
India, Australia, and New
Zealand.
Admiral Holtzendorff

Holtzendorff believed that
the Germans could starve
the British in six months
using unrestricted
submarine warfare before
the Americans could have
any time to intervene. He
said that not one American
will land on the continent.
–He was wrong.
Battle of the Marne

German forces planned to sweep
around Paris which would enable
them to surround the French
army. Their plan was halted at the
First Battle of the Marne which
lasted from September sixth to
the tenth. The French sent 2,000
taxicabs full of troops to the front
lines. Neither country could be
dislodged from their bunkers and
the battle quickly turned to
stalemate. Two lines of trenches
stretched from the English
Channel to the frontiers of
Switzerland. This trench warfare
left Germans and the French in
the same positions for four years.
Battle of Tannenberg
&
Battle at the Masurian Lakes
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At the beginning of the
war, the Russian army
moved into eastern
Germany, but was
defeated at the Battle of
Tannenberg on August 30.
The Russians were also
defeated at the Battle at
the Masurian Lakes on
September 15. After these
battles, Russia was no
longer a threat to
Germany.
The Battle of Verdun
Trenches were easily attacked, but a constant barrage of fire power did
little more than flatten barbed wire. Soldiers would then run towards their
enemy’s trenches in an attempt to eliminate them. Unprotected men
crossing fields were easy targets for machine guns. Millions were killed
between 1916 and 1917. At Verdun, 700,000 men were killed over a 10
month period across a few miles of land.
Battle at Gallipoli

Since the Ottoman Empire
joined Germany in August
1914, the Allies tried to
open up a Balkan front by
landing forces at Gallipoli
(which is southwest of
Constantinople) in April
1915. The Allies were later
forced to withdraw from
Gallipoli due to Central
Powers.
Lusitania
The Lusitania was sunk two weeks
after the start of gas warfare on the
Western Front. Any ship could carry
munitions and therefore, had to be
stopped. Germany was unwilling to
take the risk of the Lusitania
carrying troops or supplies so it was
sunk on May 7, 1915 while carrying
civilians. Germany believed that this
was the only way to accomplish
total warfare.
Zimmerman Telegram
“Berlin, January 19, 1917
On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of
this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with
Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general
financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to re-conquer the lost territory in New
Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement....
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest
confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United
States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate
with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate
between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless
submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
Zimmerman
(Secretary of State) “
Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram was sent on January 19, 1917 from the German
Secretary of State (Zimmerman). The note was sent to the German minister to
Mexico.

Germany wanted to keep the U.S. neutral as it had been so far. However, if
they did NOT remain neutral, Germany and Mexico would form an alliance.

Mexico would be given financial aid by Germany and in turn, Mexico was
supposed to regain territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona- all parts of the
U.S.

The Mexican President was also to be informed that he should
“…communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the
same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan .“
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Zimmerman thought that increasingly “ruthless” submarine warfare would
compel the British to make peace.
The Battle at the Somme
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The French and British armies
met at the Somme river where
the plan was to relieve
pressure on the French at
Verdun. British General
Douglas Haig ordered a
massive bombardment on the
German lines that lasted for a
week. This bombardment
wasn’t very effective in
penetrating the trenches. Of
the 100,000 British troops,
20,000 were killed and over
40,000 were wounded by July
1,1916. This only changed the
warfront by ten miles.
Battle at Ypres
•FIRST BATTLE AT YPRES
SECOND BATTLE AT YPRES
•Ypres was taken by Germany at the
beginning of WWI. However, in less
than a year, British Expeditionary
Forces recaptured the town. Germany
tried to regain Ypres shortly after, but
the BEF held the line. Germans
continued attack for four weeks, but
with the arrival of French forces, the
British STILL kept Ypres. Germany
gave up a month later due to
inclement weather.
•After retreating in the first battle,
Germans returned in April of the following
year. This time, the attacks were more
aggressive. They first bombarded the
front lines and followed that with the use
of chlorine gas. French and Algerian
troops fled and left a 7km gap in the front
line to the north of the town. Germans to
advantage of their new, higher positions
to use heavy artillery which demolished
•German Losses: 135,000
•BEF Losses: 75,000
Ypres.
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Why did WWI require total warfare?
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WWI needed total warfare because a lot of the countries needed
many materials and men to continue fighting in the war. For
example, Germany had 5.5 million men in uniform in 1916. With all
these men, the whole country has to work together to keep things
running smoothly.
What methods did governments use to create enthusiasm
for war, and counter opposition to the war at home?

Governments would make posters and quotes trying to increase
morality. One of the posters said, “Daddy, what did YOU do in the
Great War?” The government would also postpone newspapers or
censor them. Governments could arrest protestors as traitors.
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Which government powers increased during the war?
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Governments expanded their powers to meet the needs of supplies and
men. They also extended power over their economies.
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Price, wage, rent, food rations, imports, exports, and transportation were all
regulated.
How did the war effect women’s rights, and the role of women in
society?
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New roles created for women
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Chimney sweeps
Truck drivers
Farm laborers
Factory workers
These roles (jobs) were short- lived, but it was a starting point for social
and political emancipation for women.
Immediately after the war, Germany, Austria and the U.S. gave women the
right to vote. British women gained the right in 1918.
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Which events brought the United States into the War?
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The U.S. tried to remain neutral.
Britain blockaded Germany with their navy.
Germany retaliated by blockading Britain.
May 7, Germany sunk the Lusitania- a civilian ship. There were 1,100
casualties including 100 Americans.
This unrestricted sub warfare was suspended due to U.S. protests. However, it
was resumed two years later in order to break the deadlock between Britain
and Germany.
Germany believed they could starve the British in six months- before the U.S.
intervened.
The United States did intervene and though large amounts of troops did not
arrive for another year, this gave allies a financial and psychological boost.
How did soldiers try to make life in the trenches bearable?
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Humor magazines were developed to pass the time and to “fulfill the need to
laugh.”
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Soviets- Councils
composed of
representatives from the
workers and soldiers.
War CommunismGovernment control of
banks and most industries,
the seizing of grain from
peasants, and the
centralization of state
administration under
Communist control.
Grigori Rasputin
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An uneducated Siberian peasant
who claimed to be a holy man.
The Czar’s wife Alexandra fell
under his influence.
Alexandra made important
decisions at the battlefront and
insisted on consulting Rasputin.
Russia “stumbled” through
several military and economic
disasters
This forced Russian aristocrats to
save the situation.
Rasputin was assassinated in
December of 1916.
Alexander Kerensky
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Joined the Socialist party in 1905
He was sent into exile for editing a radical
newspaper, He returned in 1906 and found
work as a lawyer.
In 1917 he rejoined the SR party and
demanded the removal of Nicholas II.
In the new provisional government, Kerensky
was appointed as Minister of Justice. He
immediately abolished capital punishment.
His zeal for the war caused a rapid increase in
deserters.
The Bolsheviks controlled the soviets which
gave them access to an armed militia of
25,000. Kerensky could no longer assert his
authority.
After discovering that the Bolsheviks intended
to seize power, he left Petrograd in hopes of
gaining the support of the Russian Army.
The members of his cabinet were arrested later
that day.
Kerensky organized troops from the northern
front, but they were defeated by Bolshevik
forces at Pulkova.
V.I. Lenin and the Bolsheviks
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The Bolsheviks started as a small faction
called the Russian Social Democrats.
The Bolsheviks became dedicated to violent
revolution under the leadership of Lenin.
Lenin saw the opportunity for the Bolsheviks
to seize power in 1917.
The Germans willingly sent Lenin to Russia
in order to create “disorder.”
He thought that the Bolsheviks should take
control of the soviets of soldiers, workers,
and peasants and use them to overthrow
the provisional government.
Soon, the Bolsheviks made up a small
majority in the Petrograd and Moscow
soviets. They grew to 240,000 members!
The Bolsheviks seized the Winter Palace on
November sixth.
They soon renamed themselves the
Communists.
Lenin’s promised peace did not come
because Russia “sank” into civil war.
Leon Trotsky
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Lenin and the Communists
triumphed in the Civil war
due to the “organizational
genius” of Leon Trotsky.
He was Commissar of
War.
Trotsky reinstated the draft
and any soldier who
deserted the Russian
army or refused orders
was instantly executed.
Petrograd
1916- A series of strikes
led by working class
women
Bread rationing had started
in Petrograd because of
prices that had
skyrocketed.
 March 8-10,000 women
marched through the city.
 Troops ordered to shoot
the women if necessary
refused and joined the
strike.
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Ukraine, Siberia, and the Treaty of
Brest Litovsk
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March 3,1918- Lenin gave
eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland,
and the Baltic provinces to
Germany.
1918-1921 the Communists were
forced to fight on many fronts.
The first serious threat came from
Siberia.
An anti-Communist force
advanced almost to the Volga
River before being stopped.
The Treaty of Brest Litovsk was
signed March 3,1918 between
Russia and the Central Powers.
Thus, Russia had exited the War.

What were the main causes of the Russian
Revolution?
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The first cause of the Russian revolution was the end of
the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty. The second cause of
the revolution was replacement of the Provisional
Government by the Bolsheviks.
How did World War I contribute to the Revolution?
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Russia was not prepared for WWI. Military incompetence
such as Nicholas II’s taking charge of the armed forces
without ability or training. Russian industry couldn’t
produce weapons necessary for the army.
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How did the presence of Allied troops in Russia ultimately
help the Communists?
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Anti-Communist allies numbered in the hundred thousands at
one point in Russia. The presence of these foreign troops made
it easy to call on patriotic Russians to fight foreigners.
What steps did the Communists take to turn Russia into a
centralized state dominated by a single party?
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The Communists took control of the government in Russia.
Anti-Communist forces were not unified; Communists had a
vision of new socialist order.
The presence of foreign troops in Russia became the straw that
broke the camel’s back. They enabled the Communist
Government to ask for the help of patriotic Russians.
“By 1921, the Communists were in total command of Russia.”
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Armistice-a truce, an
agreement to end the
fighting
Reparation-payment made
to the victors by the
vanquished to cover the
costs of the war
Mandate-a nation
governed by another
nation on behalf of the
League of Nations
Erich von Ludendorff
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Due to the withdrawal of the
Russians gave new hope to the
Germans of ending the war. Erich
von Ludendorff led the German
military operations and decided to
lead a military gamble and try a
grand blow in the west to stop the
military stalemate. This was a
mistake ,however, because the
Germans were later stopped at the
Second Battle of the Marne on July
18. On September 29, 1918,
General Ludendorff warned the
German leaders that they were
bound to lose the war. He said that
the government had to ask for
peace at once.
Friedrich Ebert
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After William II left
Germany on
November 9, the
Social Democrats,
which was under
Friedrich Ebert,
announced the
creation of a
democratic republic.
David Lloyd George

David Lloyd George
was Prime Minister of
Great Britain won a
decisive election in
December of 1918. He
wanted to punish the
Germans by making
them pay for the war.
Georges Clemenceau

Clemenceau was one of the
French wartime leaders during
World War I. He became prime
minister of France in 1917. He
believed that the Germans were
responsible for the war and
wanted to punish the Germans by
making them pay for the war. He
also wanted to make a treaty that
guaranteed French Security from
the Germans and also make a
country named Rhineland that
separated the two countries. He
later gave up this idea and
accepted a defensive alliance with
Great Britain and the United
States.
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points

Woodrow Wilson felt that peace
is something that the world
should strive towards and these
Fourteen Points are the only
possible ways to peace in the
world. The first of the statements
says, “Open covenants of
peace, openly arrived at, after
which there shall be no private
international understandings of
any kind but diplomacy shall
proceed always frankly and in
the public view.” These 14 points
were not accepted by George or
Clemenceau.
Second Battle of the Marne

The Second Battle of the
Marne was a major battle in
World War I. This battle
was fought near the Marne
River from July 15 to
August 5, 1918. This was
the last major offensive
move from the Germans on
the Western Front and the
Germans had lost and
suffered many casualties.
This loss led to many Allied
victories and was a big step
to the end of the war.
QUESTIONS

What were the most important provisions to the Treaty of
Versailles?
-Military and Territorial provisions were very important in the Treaty of
Versailles. The treaty said that Germany had to reduce its army to a
hundred thousand men, reduce its navy, and eliminate its air force.

Why was the mandate system created? Which countries
became mandates? Who governed them?
-The mandate system was created because of Western nations
changing their minds and wanting to control and govern other nations.
Woodrow Wilson opposed countries annexing colonial territories by the
Allies. Thus, the mandate system was created. Lebanon and Syria became
mandates under French control while Iraq and Palestine were mandates
under Britain control.

Compare and Contrast Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen
Points to the Treaty of Versailles.
Fourteen Points
Both
Treaty of Versailles
Wants world peace
I
Wants peace in Europe
Considered nice
I
Considered harsh peace
Wishes to help everyone
I
Wants to help Europe
Rejected
I
Accepted
Both peace treaties
Involve Europe
I
I

How many people, both military and civilian, were killed
or wounded on both sides?
-Approximately ten million people died.

What was the monetary costs of the war for both sides?
-The Allied Powers payed approximately $125,690,477,000 while
the Central Powers payed approximately $60,643,160,000.

What innovations in military warfare occurred during
World War I?
-Total warfare was introduced during WWI which called for
complete mobilization and use of resources. Aircraft warfare
was also introduced and this involved aircraft carriers. ‘Modern’
chemical warfare developed in WWI.

How did the slaughter of World War I affect British, French, and German
painters?
-Because of the devastation of WWI many painters in Great Britain, France, and
Germany couldn’t sell paintings of WWI and Hitler was one of them.

How did the slaughter of World War I affect British, French, and German
poets and writers?
-Many poets and writers wrote many pieces about WWI and how the world was a
bad place and also how the world could become.

What was the impact of the war on French environment?
- Immediately France was destroyed partially, but after WWI France suffered
financial problems but was more balanced than other countries.

How did the Great War contribute to the rise of an international
movement Pacifism.
-Since many people died because of World War I, many people wanted
to have peace. Evidence is from Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points and
poems.
Bibliography
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“Ruined Church at Montfaucon” <http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin16/imag1525.jpg>. 10/26
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“Propaganda <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/image:Australie_WWI_propaganda.jpg>. 10/26
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“Admiral Holtzendorff” <http://www.gwpda.org/naval/images/holtzendorff.jpg>. 10/26
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“The Lusitania”<http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/historian/hist_winter_12_lusitania.html>. 10/24/06
“The Zimmerman Telegram”<http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1917/zimmerman.html>. 10/25/06
“The Battle of the Somme”<http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/maps/maps_somme.html>. 10/25/06
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“Second Battle at Ypres”<http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWypres2.htm”>. 10/25/06
“Unloading American caissons and limbers for 75mm guns”
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“Vladimir Lenin”
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Soviet_Union%2C_Lenin_%2855%29.jpg/200p
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“Grigori Rasputin” <http://www.june29th.com/blog/rasputin.jpg>. 10/26
“Alexander Kerensky”<http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSkerensky.htm >. 10/26;
“Alexander Kerensky”
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Aleksandr_Fedorovich_Kerensky.jpg/23
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“Treaty of Brest Litovsk” <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk>. 10/26
Bibliography Continued
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Armistice”
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