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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY The Faculty of Chemistry Plan and program of the 2nd degree studies (Master’s studies) Chemical Engineering and Technology (Speciality: Organic Synthesis and Polymer Technology) Graduate professional profile (2nd Degree) The graduate acquires broadened knowledge (as compared to that of 1st degree) on the topics in contemporary chemistry and chemical engineering and technology, particularly on topics in the specialty of own choice. The graduate is prepared to carry on research and development activities within the selected specialty, namely on the chemical and engineering principles of industrial processes, on modelling and designing its paths, naming possibilities of its modernization, developing technologies in cooperation with specialists in other fields of technology and implementing them into industrial practice. He (she) becomes familiar with the rules of environmental protection and sustainable growth. The graduate should know how to solve technical problems of production under legal, economic, and/or ethical constraints. He (she) is trained to work with and lead a group of people. The graduate is prepared to undertake its own business activity or become an employee in industry, research & development units or in administration and managing offices and is trained to carry on with permanent self education to improve professional knowledge. He (she) can start studies on the 3rd level of university education by joining doctoral studies. Qualification conditions: A candidate for Master’s studies at Chemical Engineering and Technology should meet the following requirements: Completed the Ist degree engineering studies at Chemical Engineering and Technology, Completed the Ist degree engineering studies at similar topic (e.g. materials science) if the program of studies covers no less than 60% of subjects equivalent or similar to those at Chemical Technology curriculum, Completed Master’s degree if the program of studies covers no less than 60% of subjects similar to those at Chemical Technology. Good English language skills are required. The admission decision will be undertaken by the recruitment committee. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Courses structure The study plan for an MSc course in Chemical Engineering and Technology is presented in the enclosed tables. Subjects are described by: name of the individual subject, type of classes (L – lectures, C – theoretical classes, P – project, Lb –laboratory), number of hours per semester (each lasting 15 weeks) and number of ECTS credits. The letter "E" means that the examination is obligatory. To grant the professional title of a Master of Science it is necessary to complete the study programme, to prepare and defend an MSc thesis. During the defence of the master's thesis the final oral examination is carried out. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Department Module Sem. I Total ECTS L C Lb CM Biomaterials 45 4 15 30 CM Catalysis 60 5 30 30 CI Chemical reactors 60 4 30 30 CC Computer chemistry 15 1 CF Electrochemical technologies 30 2 15 CA Environmental protection in chemical technology 15 1 15 CF Instrumental analysis II 30 2 15 15 CA Materials science in chemistry and corrosion 45 4 15 30 CB Principles of biotechnology 30 2 15 15 CI Project design II 15 1 CI Surface phenomena 15 1 Polish language 30 3 TOTAL weekly in semester 645 30 15 Module 15 15 15 30 165 60 150 15 26 390 Sem. Department P II Total ECTS W C Lb P CM Chemistry and technology of surfactants 30 2 15 15 CM Methods of organic compounds analysis 30 2 15 15 CM Methods of polymer analysis 45 3 15 30 CM Physical chemistry of polymers 60 5 30 30 CM Organic chemistry II 90 7 30 30 30 CM Organic synthesis 60 4 15 15 30 CS Polymer degradation 30 2 15 15 CS Polymer processing 75 5 30 45 TOTAL weekly in semester 645 30 165 45 210 0 28 420 Sem. Department 23 Module III Total ECTS W C Lb Diploma laboratory 0 8 Diploma seminar 30 2 30 Diploma thesis 300 20 300 TOTAL weekly in semester 645 30 0 P 0 330 0 22 330 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Framework programmes of 2nd cycle studies (Master’s degree) Chemical Engineering and Technology (Specialty: Organic Synthesis and Polymer Technology) Biomaterials Biomaterials, biocompatibility, biofunctionality. Biomaterials classification (polymers, metals, ceramics, composites). Manufacturing of ceramic biomaterials. Alumina in bone surgery and dentals. Manufacturing of alumina. Reliability of ceramics in medicine. Manufacturing of dense and porous hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite composites. Manufacturing technologies of glasses. Bioactive glasses. Manufacturing of carbon materials. Carbon materials in medicine. Manufacturing of metallic materials. Metallic biomaterials: Austenitic steels and alloy steels. Titanium and titanium alloys. Improving of biocompatibility through hydroxyapatite films. Catalysis Introduction to catalysis: general definitions and principles. Classifications of catalysts. Catalysis today. Homogenous catalysis. Selected problems of electrophilic and nucleophilic, acidic and basic catalysis. Fundamental reactions and mechanisms of metal complex catalysis. Asymmetric catalysis. Examples of industrial homogeneous catalytic processes. Phase transfer catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysis. Classification of heterogeneous catalysts. Methods of preparation and characterization of heterogeneous catalysts. Examples of industrial heterogeneous catalytic processes. Environmental catalysis. Chemical reactors Reaction kinetic – influence of temperature and concentration on reaction rate. Characteristic of chemical reactors - overall mass balance equation. Batch reactors. Methods of analysis of kinetic data. Kinetic analysis simple and complex reactions and reactions with volume change. Continuous stirred tank reactor. Battery of CSTR. Ideal plug flow reactor. Choice and comparison of the reactors for simple and complex reactions – conception of selectivity and yield of reactions. Designing of reactors with heat effects. Computer chemistry Representation and visualisation of chemical and biopolymer structures. Strategy of searching chemical databases. Introduction to computer–assisted organic synthesis. Application of spectral databases in chemical compounds identification. Expert systems in chemical problems solving. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Electrochemical technologies Electrolysis process: basic concepts and definitions. An outline of electrochemical engineering. Industrial processes of electrolysis of inorganic compounds. The processes of chlor-alkali industry. Electrochemical production of aluminium. Hydrometallurgical processes. Electrorefining of copper, electroproduction of zinc. Industrial processes of electrolysis of organic compounds: electrohydrodimerization of acrylonitryle, electrolytic production of sebacic acidm electroproduction of aromatic aldehydes. Application of electrochemical methods in recycling of industrial wastewater. Outline of electroplating processes. Batteries and fuel cells. Enviromental protection in chemical technology Definitions and fundamental principles. Environment, environment protection, ecology, ecological impact, system, ecosystem, paradigm, civilization. Theory of systems. Reductionism versus holism in reality description an understanding. Micro- and macroexplanation concept. Soft and hard technologies. Ecological equilibrium. Elements of ecological equilibrium of Earth. Energy balance of Earth. Cycles of chemicals in the environment. Circulation of matter (H2O, CO2, N2, O2 , heavy metals) and energy. Populations and their features. Agglomeration process, dissipative structures. Agriculture and ecology. Contamination caused by farm plant and animal production. Soil components and their transformation. Degradation and protection of soils. Biological sewage and waste water purification. Importance of fuels and energy in agriculture economy. Chemical inorganic and organic pollutants in environment and their biological and medical action. Classifications and systematics of pollutans. Organic persistent pollutants, their scattering, bioaccumulation toxicology (enzyme disfunction, heme biosynthesis disfunction, oxidative phosphorylation inhibition, narcosis, DNA modification), and hormone-like activity. Ecological and ethical aspects of chemical production. Tabbaco smoke as a polution agent. Toxic metals level in soil, air and food as an indicator of environment quality. System approach to calculation and conversion of different solution concentration expressions and units especially for applied in ecology and in medical analytical chemistry. Energy production and ecology in XXI age. Ecological valuation and economy of applied energy sources. Renewable sources of energy. Biomass and bio-fuels. Soft technologies rising up on the basis of solar energy as wind, solar collectors, heat pumps etc. Solar economy and possibility of solar age. Thermal and photovoltaic technology applications of solar energy. The passage to the Solar Age and its political, legislative and tax limitations. Geothermic energy as a large scale energy source of growing importance. Waste disposal. Wastes in nature technologies in comparison to that in man’s technologies. Environmentally hazardous products. The life cycle assessment approach and ISO standards. Characteristics of wastes generated by power industry and other kinds of industry. Dangerous wastes. Waste management in local communes. An overview of waste utilization methods. Waste combustion. Ecological and ethical aspects of chemical production. Current ecological problems. The current ecological problems of Poland and UE. Look over of environment friendly technologies and biological methods of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY environment protection. Environment legislation in Poland and UE. The problem of taxes. The formulation of non-formal laws governing the ecological market. Instrumental analysis II Advanced instrumental methods and their applications in analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds, polymers and other materials. Infrared spectroscopy. Sample preparation techniques. Other IR techniques: Internal reflectance IR spectroscopy, IR emission spectroscopy, pyrolysis-IR, IR microscopy, two-dimensional IR spectroscopy. Applications in polymer recycling, polymer degradation, analysis of polymer properties and polymerization. NIR analysis of polymers. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 1H NMR, 13C NMR in quantitative and qualitative analysis of polymers and copolymers. Analytical applications of NMR. Samples and sample preparation for NMR. Mass spectrometry. Interpretation of mass spectra: analysis of compounds and mixtures. Tandem mass spectrometry, pyrolysis MS. Gas chromatography. Applications to the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds in polymers and polymer analysis. Pyrolysis GC. High-pressure liquid chromatography, Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Gel permeation chromatography GPC. Sample preparation methodology. techniques. Head Space, Solid Phase Microextraction SPME, Thermodesorption. Coupled techniques: LC-MS, LC-FTIR, LC-RMN, GC-MS, HPLC-MS interfaces. Materials science in chemistry and corrosion The structure of metals and alloys. Polycrystalline structure and grain boundary. Iron, carbon steel and alloy steels. Phase diagram of Fe-C system. Effervescing steel, killed steel and semikilled steel. Carbon steel and its transformation during cooling. Heat treatment and hardening of steel. Austenite and martensite. Chrome steel, low, medium and high-alloy steel. Other stainless and heat-proof steels. The structure and properties of selected metals of technical interest (Al, Mg, Cu, Ni, Cr, Ti, In and their alloys). High temperature and gaseous corrosion of metals and alloys. Thermodynamics of the process. Oxide layers and their properties. The influence of temperature and gaseous atmosphere on the kinetics of the corrosion process. Oxide layers and their properties. The influence of temperature and atmosphere composition on the kinetics of oxide layers formation. Diffusion in the oxide layers. The Pilling-Bedford dependence. Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of steel at high temperatures. Gaseous corrosion protection. Heat-proof alloys and coatings on metals. Electrochemistry of corrosion. Metal-solution interface. The origin of electrode potential. Standard potential system. Other non-thermodynamic systems of electrode potentials (galvanic series). Charge transfer reactions and redox couples as the origin of the instability of metals. The electron-sink (anodic) and electron-source (cathodic) areas in corrosion process. Evans’s diagrams. Polarization curves as an example of current-potential dependences. Kinetic parameters of corrosion rate. Oxygen depolarization corrosion, oxygen reduction, overpotential of oxygen ionization. Hydrogen depolarization corrosion, the parameters influencing the rate of corrosion. Hydrogen ion reduction mechanisms. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Hydrogen brittleness of steel. The inner and outer factors influencing the rate of corrosion. The origin and factors of instability of the surface. The state of surface, structure of metal and metal short circuited cells and heterocells in metals and alloys. Cathodic and anodic metallic coatings on metals as a source of galvanic couples. Illustration of typical forms of corrosion. Metal replacement (immersion plating). Thermodynamics and stability of metals. Potential-pH dependences and diagrams (Pourbaix approach). Oxygen and hydrogen lines. The potential-pH diagrams for metals and systems of technological interest. Oxygen/hydrogen fuel cells. Stress corrosion and cracking. Intercrystaline corrosion. Corrosion of non-metallic materials and semi-metals: carbon and graphite, concrete, ceramics, plastics, rubber, wood. Corrosion protection methods. Metallic coatings: Zn, Ni, Cr, Al, Sn and others. Inorganic coatings: chemical conversion coatings: chromate, phosphate, chemical oxide coatings. Anodic treatment of metals. Organic coatings: paints and varnishes, lacquers and backing enamels. Bituminous coatings. Rubber coatings. Inhibitors and passivators. Fundamentals and application of cathodic and anodic protection of metals. Metallic protectors (sacrificial anodes), their theory and application. Corrosion testing. Laboratory tests. Field and service tests. Principles of biotechnology Introduction: subject and basic definitions of biotechnology. Application of microorganisms in environmental protection. Biosorption, environmental bioremediation and toxic waste biodegradation. Principles of fermentation (ethanol, lactatic acid, propionic acid, acetonebutanol). Technology of food production: beer, cheese, and others. Industrial application of the lactic acid fermentation products. Methods of prediction and control of industrial fermentation process. Technology of antibiotics production (penicillin, cephalosporin, tetracyclin, aminoglicosides, clavulinic acid and its analogs). Methods of microorganisms immobilization. Biotrasformation. Biosynthesis of aminoacids, organic acids and vitamins. Enzyme applications in industry. Bio-fuels and technologies applied in the production of bioethanol, bio-diesel, bio-hydrogen and saturated carbohydrates. Metal biosorption. Microbially enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). Biopolymers - structure, properties and biosynthesis. Project design II Designing individual apparatus and processes; designing complex process system with simulators. Surface phenomena Surface process kinetics. External diffusion. Internal diffusion and reaction in catalyst pellets. Influence of temperature on reaction rate in catalyst pellets. Mathematical models for describing of catalytic reactors. Catalyst deactivation, process kinetics and the problems dealing with reactors modelling in case of deactivation. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Polish language Chemistry and technology of surfactants Basic definitions and theories. Preparation and properties of surfactants: anionic (sulphonates, sulphates, phosphate esters, carboxylates) and nonionic (general alkoxylation reactions, alkyl phenol ethoxylates, fatty alcohol ethoxylates, poloxyethylene esters of fatty acids, methyl ester ethoxylates, polyalkylene oxide block copolymers, amine ethoxylates, fatty alkanolamides, amine oxides, esters of polyhydric alcohols and fatty acids, glycol esters, glycerol esters, polyglycerol esters, anhydrohexitol esters, polyalkylene polyol esters, alkyl polyglucosides) surfactants, cationic, amphoteric and other types of surfactants. Biodegradability. Selected application of surfactants: washing powders, detergents, soaps, emulsions and others. Methods of analysis of organic compounds Classical and instrumental methods of purification of organic compounds, determination of physical properties, qualitative and quantitative methods of stabilization of organic compounds, detection and determination of common chemical elements in organic compounds, elemental analysis, group reactions, analytical and spectral methods of determination of functional groups. Analysis of mixtures of organic compounds, using analytical and instrumental methods for investigation of composition of mixtures, tautomers, enantiomeres, diastereoisomers, chirooptical methods. Analysis of steric structure. Methods of polymer analysis Evaluation of physical properties of polymeric materials (density, porosity, solubility, moisture content, absorbability). Determination of mechanical properties (static and dynamic) of polymeric materials – tensile strength, compresive strengh, bending strengh, degree od grindability, fatigue resistance. Thermal properties and flamability of plastics – determination of temperature of phase transition. Methods of thermal analysis (DTA, DSC and TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis DMA. Methods of evaluation of aging and chemical resistance. Methods of determination of properties of porous and rubber materials. Determination of electric properties (surface and bulk resistivity, stability against elctric arc, static electrization of polymers). Evaluation of magnetic, acustic, optical properties of polymeric materials. Organic chemistry II Introduction to organic reactions: type of reactions, definition of mechanism, chemical individuals, kind of mechanisms, prediction of type of reaction and kind of mechanism. Stationary states of course of reactions, factors influencing course of reactions, kinetic CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY equation and mechanism of reaction, influence of solvent and catalyst on mechanism of reaction, kinetic and thermodynamic data for prediction of the mechanism of reaction, acidbase catalysis. Hammett equation and mechanism of reaction Brönsted catalysis law, acidity Hammett function. Non-kinetic methods of investigation and prediction of mechanisms of reactions. using instrumental methods for investigation of course of reactions, isotope labelling, stereochemical investigations. Kinds of stereoisomers. Determination of relative and absolute configuration. Anomeric effect. Stereochemistry of symmetry-allowed reactions. Methods of obtaining and investigation of stereoisomers. Organic synthesis Stereoselectivity and stereospespecific reactions. Asymmetric synthesis and asymmetric induction. Asymmetric transformation and dynamic kinetic resolution. Strategy of organic synthesis, retroanalysis enantiomeric coincident and divergent synthesis. Derivative of hydrocarbons: polyhydric alcohols and phenols, aldehydes and ketones with some functional groups, quinones. Di- and polyfunctional carboxylic acids, acids with differential functional groups, lactides, lactones and lactams, benzoin condensation. Organo-metallic compounds. Mono – and polycyclic heterocyclic compounds, oxiranes, imides, derivatives of cyanuric, barbituric and uric acids, melamine. Intramolecular and intermolecular rearrangement: type of tautomerism, rearrangement of carbonium ion, Wittig, Demjanow, Curtius, Lossen, Fries and Faworski rearrangements benzidine rearrangement. Elements of organic synthesis: ring closure reaction, ring-opening reaction, transformation of rings, insertion reaction, preparation of spiro compounds and team of rings. Physical chemistry of polymers Structure of linear and cross-linked polymers, molecular aggregates, crystallites etc. Dispersity, average molecular masses, moments of distribution. Types of size distributions of macromolecules prepared in step, radical, and anionic polymerization. Configuration of a single macromolecule. Tacticity, cis-trans isomers, microstructure (sequence of units). Energy barriers of rotation along bonds. Flexibility of macromolecules. Unperturbed dimensions. Polymer solutions and melts. Dimensions of macromolecules in solutions – expansion coefficients. The concept of ‘blobs’. Polymer mixtures. Phase separation in polymer systems. Phase diagram of solution (melt). Solubility parameter. Viscosity of polymer solutions. Equivalent sphere model. Temperature dependence of shear modulus. Glass transition. Kinetic and thermodynamic interpretation. Kinetic theory of rubber elasticity. Molecular principles of viscoelasticity. Polymer crystallization. Liquid-crystalline polymers. Polymer degradation Structural and thermodynamic criteria of the thermal and biological stability of polymers. Depolymerisation, degradation and structural destruction of the polymer materials. Testing CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY methods of thermal degradation: DSC, TGA, GPC, pyrolytic chromatography. Degradation of the chain polymers, addition and condensation of polymers. Degradation of polyacrylonitrile. Carbon fibres. Photochemical degradation in polyurethanes. Stability of hydrolytic and biological corrosion. Material recycling of polyamides, polyesters and polyurethanes. Polymer processing Historical aspects of the polymer manufacturing in industrial scale. Thermodynamic and kinetic questions important for polymerization processes. Industrial methods of manufacturing of polymers: polymerization in gas phase, in block, suspension, emulsion and solution polymerization (homo- and heterophase), condensation polymerization. Flow schemes and apparatus equipments in selected polymerization processes, polymerization reactors, heat removal methods, polymer extraction from process mixtures, polymer purification methods. Physical-chemical properties and application of the most important polymers, which are manufactured in chain polymerization methods: polyolefines, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, diene elastomers, polyvinyl fluorides, polyacrylanes, poly(oxymethylene) and polyethers. Physical-chemical properties and application of the polymers manufactured by step polymerization methods: polyurethanes, polysiloxanes, polycarbonates, epoxy resins, polyamides and polyimides. Conditions and perspectives of the Polish plastic industry. Diploma laboratory Diploma seminar Technique of writing thesis: the content, layout studies, literature studies, calculations, design work, documentation, literature references. Editing thesis: table of contents, list of indications, admission, substantive content, applications, reference list, additives and supplements. Form of work, a summary. Individual papers. Topical papers presented by students. Diploma thesis