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THE ROMAN EMPIRE Questions for 2/21 1. Who made up the Second Triumvirate? 2. When did the Roman Republic end? 3. During the rule of emperors, the empire continued to _________ and grant ___________. 4. What does Pax Romana mean? 5. How long did the Pax Romana last? 6. Who governed the people during the Pax Romana? 7. Who was Rome’s first emperor? 8. What emperor began construction of the Colosseum? 9. During the Pax Romana, which emperor expanded Rome to its maximum size? • The Second Triumvirate was formed in 43 B.C. – Octavian (Julius Caesar’s nephew) – Mark Antony – Marcus Lepidus • They divided the Roman Empire among themselves. – Octavian-Italy and the west – Antony-Greece and the east – Lepidus-North Africa • The Roman Republic ended when Octavian became the sole leader and was given the title “Augustus Caesar” and established the rule of emperors. • During the rule of emperors, the empire continued to expand and grant citizenship (especially in the northern and eastern parts of Europe) Pax Romana • Change from Republic to Empire (lasted the next 500 years) • Pax Romana = “the Roman Peace” – About 200 years (until ~180 A.D.) – Time of prosperity & peace – People were proud to be Romans – Army became world’s most powerful fighting force – Soldiers made roads, bridges, forts, etc. • Empire spread eastward & westward • Emperors govern the people Notable Emperors • Caesar Augustus (Octavian) – Rome’s first emperor – Brought order and stability to Rome – Created a permanent and professional army – Began police force & fire brigade – Peaceful, trade grew Notable Emperors • Caligula –murdered many people and spent money recklessly –Cruel & mentally unstable –Declared himself god & tried to make his horse a senator –Bodyguards assassinated him Notable Emperors • Claudius – Governed effectively – Returned artwork stolen by Caligula – Improved empire conditions – Granted more citizenships – Improved laws Notable Emperors • Nero – Brutal emperor who killed many people – As terrible as Caligula – Poisoned stepbrother & murdered his wife & mother – After his death, civil war broke out Notable Emperors • Vespasian – Began the construction of the Colosseum – His sons Titus and Domitian also ruled during an era of growth and prosperity The “Good Emperors” • Nerva – revised taxes, land reforms helped the poor • Trajan – Rome reached it greatest extent during “Pax Romana” when there were no major wars or rebellions ( expanded Roman empire to its maximum size) The “Good Emperors” • Hadrian – Made Roman law easier to understand • Antonious Plus – Enacted laws that helped orphans • Marcus Aurelius – Marcus was greatest – Founded schools, hospitals, lowered taxes, helped the poor – Thought his rule was a moral responsibility Questions for 2/22 1. What language is the basis for the “Romance Languages?” What are the romance languages? 2. Latin terms are extensively used in the fields of _________, _____, and ________, with every species of plant and animal given a Latin name. 3. What achievement allowed the empire to be unified, both for trade and protection? 4. What were designed to supply fresh water to cities? 5. What are two things that ancient Romans built that are still functional today? 6. What architectural feature did the Romans use to build higher, more stable structures? 7. The Romans also were the first to seriously incorporate the use of ________ in their structures. 8. What was the Colosseum used for? 9. The combination of these political and cultural features allowed Rome to enjoy a time of _______, __________, and ___________ culminating in the ______ __________, or "Roman Peace." The Roman civilization has had a lasting impact on our world today in terms of language, government, architecture and engineering! Roman Growth • Roman engineering (roads, aqueducts, buildings) help spread their influence to the world • Many cities around the world were founded at this time that still exist (all because of Rome) • Latin is the basis for many current languages – Ex: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, & Romanian Latin • Latin, the language of the Romans, is the basis of the "Romance Languages" (from Roman): Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Romanian • Even though English developed from Germanic languages, much of its vocabulary is influenced by or comes directly from Latin (examples include et cetera, veto, curriculum) • Latin terms are extensively used in the fields of medicine, law, and science, with every species of plant and animal given a Latin name Architecture and Engineering • In architecture and engineering, the Romans greatly advanced previous accomplishments and were often geared toward solving problems associated with everyday life. Roman Roads • They were made of cement-so strong that some are still used today! • Drainage ditches kept water off of roads • They were in straight lines • “All roads lead to Rome” • Roman roads were a significant achievement that allowed the empire to be unified, both for trade and protection. Aqueducts • Designed to supply fresh water to cities • Another example of engineering marvels from the Romans • Many aqueducts and roads built by the Romans are still functional today, a testament to their engineering prowess (expertise). The Arch • Romans were able to modify the traditional post and lintel construction and develop the arch, which they utilized to build higher, more stable structures, the most famous example being the Coliseum. The arch has a “keystone” or middle stone that helped support the arch. Domes • The Romans also were the first to seriously incorporate the use of domes in their structures. Government & Law • Roman Empire grew huge – From Britain & Spain (west) to Iran (east) – Different languages & religions – Able to unite & rule due to common Latin – Traveled Roman roads, used Roman measures, obeyed the laws and were defended by Roman armies Basic principles • The following are basic principles from the Roman Empire that the U.S. still follows today : (just review) – All free people have equal rights before the law – A person must be considered innocent until he or she is proven guilty – Accused people should be allowed to face their accusers and defend themselves – Judges must interpret the law and make decisions fairly – People have rights that no government can take away Entertainment • Loved to celebrate & entertain! • Plays in theaters, religious ceremonies, fake/real battles • Colosseum: sports arena that could seat 50,000 people – Gladiator fights – Professional fighters or slaves who fought to the death by each other or animals – Very brutal, a bloodbath – “thumbs down” = death by popular opinion – (learn360- gladiators) • The combination of these political and cultural features allowed Rome to enjoy a time of peace, prosperity, and expansion culminating in the Pax Romana, or "Roman Peace" Questions for 2/22 1. What language is the basis for the “Romance Languages?” What are the romance languages? 2. Latin terms are extensively used in the fields of _________, _____, and ________, with every species of plant and animal given a Latin name. 3. What achievement allowed the empire to be unified, both for trade and protection? 4. What were designed to supply fresh water to cities? 5. What are two things that ancient Romans built that are still functional today? 6. What architectural feature did the Romans use to build higher, more stable structures? 7. The Romans also were the first to seriously incorporate the use of ________ in their structures. 8. What was the Colosseum used for? 9. The combination of these political and cultural features allowed Rome to enjoy a time of _______, __________, and ___________ culminating in the ______ __________, or "Roman Peace." Questions for 2/22 1. What language is the basis for the “Romance Languages?” What are the romance languages? 2. Latin terms are extensively used in the fields of _________, _____, and ________, with every species of plant and animal given a Latin name. 3. What achievement allowed the empire to be unified, both for trade and protection? 4. What were designed to supply fresh water to cities? 1. What are two things that ancient Romans built that are still functional today? 6. What architectural feature did the Romans use to build higher, more stable structures? 7. The Romans also were the first to seriously incorporate the use of ________ in their structures. 8. What was the Colosseum used for? 9. The combination of these political and cultural features allowed Rome to enjoy a time of _______, __________, and ___________ culminating in the ______ __________, or "Roman Peace." Questions for 2/22 1. What language is the basis for the “Romance Languages?” What are the romance languages? 2. Latin terms are extensively used in the fields of _________, _____, and ________, with every species of plant and animal given a Latin name. 3. What achievement allowed the empire to be unified, both for trade and protection? 4. What were designed to supply fresh water to cities? 1. What are two things that ancient Romans built that are still functional today? 6. What architectural feature did the Romans use to build higher, more stable structures? 7. The Romans also were the first to seriously incorporate the use of ________ in their structures. 8. What was the Colosseum used for? 9. The combination of these political and cultural features allowed Rome to enjoy a time of _______, __________, and ___________ culminating in the ______ __________, or "Roman Peace."