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Kinetocardiography using tissue Doppler imaging for diagnosis of fetal arrhythmias. (Top left) Four-chamber apical view with regions of interest identified
by colored cursors: lateral mitral valve annulus (teal), lateral tricuspid valve annulus (yellow), posterior left atrium (LA; red), and posterior right atrium (RA;
green). (Top right) Corresponding and simultaneous tissue velocity imaging curves during sinus rhythm, showing much greater velocities for annular
movement than posterior atrial wall, with annular motion away from the transducer representing ventricular filling and annular motion toward the transducer
during ventricular systole (S). Asterisks and arrows represent onset and end of atrial contraction. The timing between mechanical events from identical
structures can then be measured and displayed as a ladder diagram (bottom). This example represents premature atrial beats from the right atrium. A,
Source: Chapter 47. Arrhythmias in Children and in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease, Hurst's The Heart, 13e
atrial "kick"; E, early; LV, left ventricle; RV, right ventricle. Adapted with permission from Rein A, O'Donnell C, Geva T, et al. Use of tissue velocity imaging
Citation:
Fuster
V, Walsh
RA, Harrington
RA.
Hurst's The Heart, 13e; 2011 Available at: http://mhmedical.com/ Accessed: May 11, 2017
in the diagnosis
of fetal
cardiac
arrhythmias.
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