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1/14/13 Energy Releasing Pathways Nutritional modes for organisms Energy source phototroph vs. chemotroph vs. heterotroph C source: autotroph Two alternatives e 1! e 2! E! e 3! E = e1 + e2 + e3 + e4 + e5 ! e 4! e 5! a big step or many little ones 1 1/14/13 ATP-making processes process used domain nutritional group Aerobic respiration all chemoheterotrophs Anaerobic respiration archaea & bacteria fermentation all chemoheterotrophs glycolysis alone bacteria chemoheterotrophs O2-making photosynthesis bacteria & eukarya chemoheterotrophs photoautotrophs Non O2-making photosynthesis archaea & bacteria photoautotrophs Kinds of reactions Subtrate-level phosphorylation (Note: recipient is not always ADP) 2 1/14/13 Kinds of reactions Oxidative phosphorylation (occurs on ATP synthases) Kinds of reactions Photophosphorylation (Fig. 9-13; occurs on ATP synthases) Kinds of reactions Decarboxylation 3 1/14/13 Kinds of reactions Redox reactions eg: Dehydrogenations (Fig 7-7) Kinds of reactions Rearrangements 4 1/14/13 Glycolysis (cont.) Transition/Preparatory reaction 5 1/14/13 Hans Krebs (Krebs/TCA cycle) Electron Transport Chemiosmosis Peter Mitchell John Walker http://www.iubmb-nicholson.org/swf/ATPSynthase.swf Paul Boyer 6 1/14/13 Summary Any food can be used Glycolysis! Controlled by negative feedback Glucose! High levels of! ATP or citrate inhibit! phosphofructokinase! Fructose-6! phosphate! High levels of! AMP increase! phosphofructokinase! activity! Fructose-1,6! bisphosphate! ATP! Pyruvate! AMP! Acetyl! coenzyme! A! Citric! acid! cycle! Electron transport! and! chemiosmosis! Old Fig. 7.14! 7 1/14/13 Fermentation Diversity in fermentation 8 1/14/13 And then there’s these guys: Totally anaerobic animals without mitochondria (discovered in 2010) 9
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