Download 1c. Identify two ways Pope Urban II describes the Muslims. Please

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GUIDED DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION
This question is based on the accompanying documents. The question is designed to test your
ability to work with historical documents. Some of these documents have been edited for the purposes of
this question. As you analyze the documents, take into account the source of each document and any
point of view that may be presented in the document. Keep in mind that the language used in a
document may reflect the historical context of the time in which it was written.
Historical Context:
Between the end of the eleventh century and into the thirteenth century, European Christians, at the
urging of the Roman Catholic Church, conducted a series of nine wars against Muslims that have
come to be known as the Crusades. Historically, the Crusades have been seen as religious wars,
however, historians have argued that European Christians had many reasons for fighting.
Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of global history, answer the questions
that follow each document in Part A. Your answers to the questions will help you write the Part B response
paragraph in which you will be asked to:
●
Describe three reasons why European Christians fought in the
Crusades
In developing your answers to Part B, be sure to keep these general definitions in mind:
(a) describe means “to illustrate something in words or tell about it”
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Document 1
The Council of Clermont (1095)
In early 1095, Emperor Alexis sent a letter and ambassadors to Pope Urban II asking for help against the
Seljuk Turks (Muslims) who took over parts of the Byzantine empire as well as the Holy Land. Alexis feared
they were trying to destroy the Christian empire and Christian ways of life. In November 18, 1095 CE, Pope
Urban II assembled a council of clerics, or leaders in the Catholic Church to discuss a range of Church issues
in Clermont, France. On November 27th, Pope Urban II discussed the invasion of the Christian Byzantine
empire by the Seljuk Turks, a group of Muslims from central Asia. In his rousing speech, Pope Urban II
encouraged Roman Catholic Church clerics of the west to unite with the Orthodox Church of the east to fight
the Muslims to take back the Holy Land and protect the Byzantine empire.
No exact transcription of the speech that Pope Urban II delivered at the Council of Clermont exists. Robert the
Monk wrote the excerpt below.
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[...] From the confines of Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople a horrible tale has gone forth and
very frequently has been brought to our ears, namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians
[Seljuk Turks/Muslims], an accursed [damned] race, a race utterly alienated [separated] from God, a
generation [...] which has not directed its heart and has not entrusted its spirit to God, has invaded the
lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by the sword, pillage and fire; it has led away a
part of the captives into its own country, and a part it has destroyed by cruel tortures; it has either
entirely destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of its own religion. They
destroy the altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanness.
[...] When they wish to torture people by a base death, they perforate [make a hole] their navels, and
dragging forth the extremity of the intestines, bind it to a stake; then with flogging they lead the
victim around until the viscera [internal organs] having gushed forth the victim falls prostrate upon
the ground. Others they bind to a post and pierce with arrows. [...] What shall I say of the abominable
rape of the women? To speak of it is worse than to be silent. The kingdom of the Greeks [Byzantine
Empire] is now dismembered by them and deprived of territory so vast in extent that it can not be
traversed in a march of two months. On whom therefore is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of
recovering this territory incumbent, if not upon you?
[...] Let the holy sepulchre [the place where Jesus is said to have been buried] of the Lord our
Saviour, which is possessed by unclean nations, especially incite you, and the holy places which are
now treated with ignominy [public shame] and irreverently [without respect] polluted with their
filthiness.
[...] Hence it is that you murder one another, that you wage war, and that frequently you perish by
mutual wounds. Let therefore hatred depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease,
and let all [...] controversies slumber. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulchre; wrest that land from
the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves. That land which as the Scripture says "floweth with
milk and honey," was given by God into the possession of the children of Israel. Jerusalem is the
navel of the world; the land is fruitful above others, like another paradise of delights.
[...] Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the
imperishable [everlasting] glory of the kingdom of heaven.
When Pope Urban had said these and very many similar things [...], he so influenced [...] the desires
of all who were present, that they cried out, "It is the will of God! It is the will of God!" When [he]
heard that, with eyes uplifted to heaven he gave thanks to God and, with his hand commanding
silence, said:
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[...] Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you.
Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God. When an armed
attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of
God! It is the will of God!
Source: Dana C. Munro, "Urban and the Crusaders", Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European
History, Vol 1:2, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1895), 5-8
(http://legacy.fordham.edu/Halsall/source/urban2-5vers.asp#robert)
1a. Who sent the letter to Pope Urban II that inspired his Council of Clermont speech?
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1b. In lines 1-2, Pope Urban II says, “From the confines of Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople a horrible
tale has gone forth and very frequently has been brought to our ears…” What is the “horrible tale” that Pope
Urban II is speaking about?
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1c. Identify two ways Pope Urban II describes the Muslims. Please include line numbers in parentheses.
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1d. Identify two actions Pope Urban II says Muslims took against the Christians. Please include line numbers
in parentheses.
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(1)
1e. According to lines 31-32, what does Pope Urban II promise to those who fight the Muslims in the
Crusades?
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1f. According to the speech at the Council of Clermont (li 39-42), who does Pope Urban II say has given the
Christians the command or “the word” to fight the Muslims in the Crusades?
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Document 2
Ekkehard of Aurach: On the Opening of the First Crusade (1099)
Ekkehard, a well-known German historian had completed a history of the world in the year 1101 when he
determined to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. On his return he entirely rewrote the particulars of his history
relating to the First Crusade.
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[...] Here I am very anxious to add certain details concerning these military undertakings, which are
due to divine rather than human inspiration.
After Urban had aroused the spirits of all by the promise of forgiveness to those who undertook the
expedition [Crusades] with single-hearted devotion, toward one hundred thousand men were
appointed to the immediate service of God from Aquitaine and Normandy, England, Scotland, Ireland,
Brittany, Galicia, Gascony, France, Flanders, Lorraine, and from other Christian peoples [...]. It was
truly an army of “crusaders,” for they bore the sign of the cross on their garments as a reminder that
they should mortify [severely discipline] the flesh, and in the hope that they would in this way
triumph over the enemies of the cross of Christ, as it had once come to pass in the case of the great
Constantine. [...] All these members of Christ, so different in speech, origin, and nationality, were
suddenly brought together as one body through their love of Christ.
Source: James Harvey Robinson, ed., Readings in European History: Vol. I: (Boston:: Ginn and co., 1904), pp.316-318
(http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ekkehard-aur1.asp)
2a. Identify three effects of Pope Urban II’s speech at the Council of Clermont.
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Document 3
A History of the Crusades (2005)
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. . . Though the great princes were apt to remain aloof, western knights responded readily to the appeal
of the holy war. Their motives were in part genuinely religious. They were ashamed to continue
fighting amongst themselves; they wanted to fight for the Cross. But there was also a land-hunger to
incite them, especially in northern France, where the practice of primogeniture [the tradition of the
oldest son inheriting all land] was being established. As a lord grew unwilling to divide his property
and its offices, now beginning to be concentrated round a stone-built castle, his younger sons had to
seek their fortunes elsewhere. There was a general restlessness and taste for adventure in the knightly
class in France, most marked among the Normans, who were only a few generations removed from
nomadic freebooters. The opportunity for combining Christian duty with the acquisition of land in a
southern climate was very attractive.
Source: Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, Cambridge University Press, 1951 from NYS Global History and
Geography Regents Exam, June, 2005.
3a. According to lines 2-3, what were European knights ashamed of and what did they decide to do instead?
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3b. According to Document 3, state two reasons European knights and soldiers joined the Crusades.
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Document 4
Annales Herbipolenses (1147)
Annals or annales are a concise form of historical writing where events are recording chronologically, year by
year. This is an anonymous annales written by an author from Wurzburg a city in the Holy Roman Empire, in
1147.
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[...] Not only the ordinary people, but kings, dukes, marquises, and other powerful men of this world
as well, believed that they thus showed their allegiance to God. The bishops, archbishops, abbots, and
other ministers and prelates of the church joined in this error, throwing themselves headlong into it to
the great peril of bodies and souls.... The intentions of the various men were different. Some, indeed,
lusted after novelties and went in order to learn about new lands. Others there were who were driven
by poverty, who were in hard straits at home; these men went to fight, not only against the enemies of
Christ's cross, but even against the friends of the Christian name, wherever opportunity appeared, in
order to relieve their poverty. There were others who were oppressed by debts to other men or who
sought to escape the service due to their lords, or who were even awaiting the punishment merited by
their shameful deeds. Such men simulated [imitated] a zeal [passion] for God and hastened chiefly in
order to escape from such troubles and anxieties. A few could, with difficulty, be found who had not
bowed their knees to Baal [Satan or devil], who were directed by a holy and wholesome purpose, and
who were kindled by love of the divine majesty to fight earnestly and even to shed their blood for the
holy of holies.
Source: Annales Herbipolenses, s.a. 1147, in MGH, SS, XVI, 3, translated by James Brundage, The Crusades: A
Documentary History, (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1962), 115-121
(http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1147critic.asp)
4a. According to Annales Herbipolenses, state three reasons European knights and soldiers joined the
Crusades.
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4b. Based on Annales Herbipolense, why did some men “simulat[e] a zeal for God” (li. 11-12)?
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Part B
Response Paragraph
Directions: Write a well-organized paragraph. Use the outline provided to organize your information. Use
evidence from at least three documents in your paragraph. Support your response with relevant facts,
examples, and details. Include additional outside information.
Historical Context:
Between the end of the eleventh century and into the thirteenth century, European Christians, at the
urging of the Roman Catholic Church, conducted a series of nine wars against Muslims that have
come to be known as the Crusades. Historically, the Crusades have been seen as religious wars,
however, historians have argued that European Christians had many reasons for fighting.
Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of global history, answer the questions
that follow each document in Part A. Your answers to the questions will help you write the Part B response
paragraph in which you will be asked to:
●
Describe three reasons why European Christians fought in the
Crusades
In developing your answers to Part B, be sure to keep these general definitions in mind:
(a) describe means “to illustrate something in words or tell about it”
Guidelines:
In your paragraph, be sure to
● establish a precise and credible position that responds appropriately to the prompt.
● explain your position with claim(s), reasons, and evidence from the texts.
● use evidence from at least three documents
● analyze explicit ideas/information from texts and interpret the author's meaning and
purpose.
● refer to sources when appropriate.
● represent content from reading materials accurately.
● order ideas and information within and across paragraphs and use appropriate
transitional words/phrases in a way that allows the audience to follow the argument.
● use language and tone appropriate to the audience and purpose.
● demonstrate a command of standard English conventions.
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