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Video Fill In: The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization Name: ______________________ P: ___ 1 In a flash of insight that marked a turning point in the history of civilization, one man, _______________, saw that the citizens of Athens should have freedom, the chance to shape their own destiny and govern themselves. He saw this even though he had been brought up as one of the hated ________________ (ancient Greek for a member of the ruling class), and as such had been taught to look down in contempt (hatred) on these common people. Athens, located in the southern part of what is now Greece but was then called Hellos, was built around the _______________, a steep sided outcrop of bare rock which afforded the Athenians a stronghold from which to fend off the attacks of their neighbors. Life in ancient Athens has been described as __________, __________, and __________, with a life expectancy (average age at death) of just ______ years. 2 Greece seemed like an unlikely place for a great empire. For one thing, Athens was ruled by an aristocratic elite class, who, in order to maintain their power, kept the people in a state of ____________, meaning that they had no part nor share nor say in anything. For another, Greece was mountainous, unlike the two great neighboring empires of its day, ____________ to the south and ____________ to the east, which had grown up around broad plains and great river valleys. This meant that Greece was fragmented into many small nations called _______________ which made Greece difficult for any single ruler to dominate. Furthermore, Athens was not even the most powerful of these city-states. Far more powerful were the ________________ to Athens' southwest, a nation of citizens raised from birth to be _______________. 3 The Greek's path to empire began in the middle of the __________ century BCE when one man seized total power from the hated aristocrats and became __________ by riding into Athens on a chariot with a particularly tall and beautiful woman next to him, who he claimed was Athena, the patron goddess of Athens. This man was _______________. He took the extraordinary step of appealing to the support of the common people, thus challenging the rule of the hated _______________, the rich land owning families that had ruled Athens for centuries. He reduced __________ and offered free ___________ to help poor peasant farmers. Athenian agrarianism (agriculture) prospered, including, most importantly, the production of ___________, which the Greeks used as food, fuel, oil, and to trade for goods throughout the ___________________ Sea. Athens became an international ______________ power. 4 After Pisistratus died in 527 BCE, his son __________ followed in his footsteps and ruled Athens for a time with a fair hand. But he turned bitter and cruel after the murder of his brother (as part of a ________________). Freedoms given to the people by Pisistratus were now stripped away by his embittered and paranoid son. Hippias' now had no cause other than _________________ (holding on to his power by any means necessary). Hippias' change from a benevolent to a cruel ruler taught Athenians the _____________ and ______________ nature of tyranny (could be good or very bad). 5 In 510 BCE, Cleisthenes and his men captured Hippias and banished him from Athens forever. By now, the Greek myth of the ____________________ was permeating (spreading) to all levels of Greek society. An example of this can be seen in the athletic contests held at _______________ in southern Greece every ________ years. While once open only to the wealthiest of the Greeks, by the time Cleisthenes had overthrown Hippias and took power in Athens, anyone with enough skill was allowed to take part. _______________, another of the hated Athenian ____________, conspired with Athens' most feared and powerful rival, ____________ to seize control of Athens and exile Cleisthenes, setting himself and his Spartan soldiers up on the ____________, the large rock overlooking Athens. The people of Athens, enraged at the thought of living under Spartan rule, rose up against Isagoros and recaptured Athens, marking the first time in recorded history that the ordinary people had turned on their rulers and seized power for thems________. 6 Cleisthenes was recalled from exile by the Athenian people and asked to form a government. Cleisthenes knew there was no going back to rule by the hated _______________. But nor could he declare himself ___________. Instead, Cleisthenes carved out a great meeting place from bare rock in the shadow of the Acropolis where Athenians could come and discuss the future of their city. This became the ancestor of the ______________ of the United States, the British _____________ _____________ and _______________ around the world. Here rich and poor alike could come to address their fellow citizens and vote on matters of common interest, using a __________ pebble for yes, and a __________ pebble for now. The great Athenian Assembly would meet every _______ days and discuss everything from raising ________, building _________, from the price of _______ to the declaration of ______. Because of these reforms, Cleisthenes has been called the father of _______________, meaning literally "people power" or the rule of the people. 7 But the world's first democracy would soon be tested in the crucible of war and conflict. In the early 5th century BCE, the ___________, led by the great king __________ were the greatest empire in the world. In 490 BCE the Persian force came ashore at a sandy shore north of Athens called _____________. The heart of the Athenian army called upon to defend Athens against the Persian invaders were the ____________, men who could afford a heavy bronze shield, a spear, and a sword. Although outnumbered _______________, the Athenian army charged headlong into the Persian army and emerged victorious. An Athenian general named _______________ realized that the Persians were likely to return and seek to conquer Athens with its navy. In response, he ordered the building of a fleet of 200 of the most advanced warships of the day, the _____________. Realizing the Athenians could not defeat the huge Persian army under king __________ on land, Themistocles ordered the whole of Athens _____________. (This order, carved into a stone tablet, was recently found in a Greek _______________.) Themistocles lured the Persian fleet, which outnumbered the Greek fleet _______________ into the straits of _____________, and defeated it. Without its navy, the Persians could not _________ its army or guarantee the ___________ of its king and retreated. 8 The victory at Salamis opened the door for the Golden Age of Greek democracy, which the Greeks protected against all threats. For example, they could vote to ___________ (kick out) for ten years anyone who they considered a threat to democracy. They even kicked out _______________, who had led them in their great victory over the Persians at Salamis. This opened the door his successor, _______________, to guide the Greek democracy into its heyday. Pericles began a great building project, including the ______________, perhaps the most beautiful and famous building in the world to this day, on the top of the Acropolis. Under Pericles' leadership, Athens became home to some of the leading minds in history, including ______________, considered the world's first historian, and poets and authors such as _____________. Athenians began attending the _____________ at the base of the Acropolis __________ a year, where they would boo the worst actors off the stage but could be moved to _________ by the best. The most famous and favorite of Greek plays were the ______________, which told tales of great men who fell victim to the destinies that were decreed to them and lost everything. 9 The fall of the Greek Empire began in 431 BCE with Pericles' attempt to make Athens the undisputed leader of the Mediterranean by vanquishing (defeating finally) their old rivals, the _____________. Pericles convinced the _____________ to back his plan, which was to abandon the farm land around Athens (knowing that they could not defeat the superior Spartan army on land), hide behind the city walls, and defeat the Spartans with its superior navy at sea instead. The Spartans did indeed burn the ________ all around the city. Athens now had to rely on its ships to supply it with imported _________ to survive. One of these ships brought the __________ to Athens, which killed a _________ of the city's population, including Pericles. Without this single strong leader, countless figures scrambled for the top position, simply following the prejudices and passions of the masses in order to gain support, thus demonstrating the danger of a democracy to slide into ___________. The war dragged on for a decade. In 416 BCE, a small Greek colony on the island of ___________ asked Athens to send its fleet to defend it from attack from an ally of the Spartans. Athens sent a huge invading army to Sicily but suffered a one of the greatest defeats in ancient history. They lost in part because Sicily was over ______ miles from Athens, making resupply and communication almost impossible., in part because Athenian commanders had ______________ (argued) about what to do, but mostly because the Athenians, dreaming of ____________ glory, had engaged in a pointless and _______ military campaign. 10 With the Athens' military power now ____________, her enemies began to close in. The Spartans, with help from the Persian empire, built a fleet of ships paid for with Persian _________. With this fleet, the Spartans ___________ the port of Athens. Food could now not get through and the people began to ________ in the streets of Athens. In 404 BCE, Athens finally surrendered to the Spartan commander Lysander. Humiliated, the Athenians searched for someone to take the blame for their defeat. They arrested _____________, who had spent most of his life questioning the Athenian leaders and the principles by which the Athenians lived their lives. Furthermore, he encouraged his young followers to do the same. He was arrested for undermining the state ____________ and _____________ the youth of the city. At his trial, Socrates was ___________ (refused to apologize or repent), instead saying famously: "The ____________ life is not worth living" and even demanded free ____________ for life for all the work he had done. He was found guilty and executed in the traditional Athenian manner, by drinking ____________, which caused an excruciatingly painful and slow death. 11 Athens was never again a great ___________ (military) power. Instead, she became a city of intellectual inquiry (questioning assumptions and authority) and a haven of ___________________ in which Socrates' students slowly began to build a world based on _____________. Rather than an empire of weapons, Athens became an empire of reason, extending its dominion (influence) over all the areas in which our lives are lived to this day. Video Fill In: The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization Vocabulary Banks Box 1: Cleisthenes nasty, brutish, and short Acropolis fifteen aristocrats serfdom city-states Persia soldiers tyrant loans Mediterranean Pisistratus aristocrats! sixth self-preservation Hippias perilous tyrant Olympia heroic man of action Acropolis elves four aristocrats! democracy white roads parliaments tyrant nine taxes Box 2: Egypt Spartans Box 3: taxes olives economic Box 4: gay love triangle unpredictable Box 5: Isagoros Sparta aristocrats! Box 6: Congress House of Commons black figs Box 7: Darius hoplites safety Xerxes four to one Persians two to one Themistocles Marathon Salamis trireme feed evacuated coffee shop ostracize Themistocles tears Parthenon Herodotus theater Spartans crops Sicily imperial assembly grain 600 vain crippled blockaded religion dinner gold starve corrupting imperial reason Box 8: Aeschylus Pericles twice tragedies Box 9: third mob rule plague squabbled Box 10: hemlock Socrates unrepentant unexamined Box 11: study and discussion