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Africa in the Age of Imperialism Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. • Until the 1870s CE, Europeans had little interest in Africa. • In the 1600s & 1700s CE, the Portuguese and Dutch had established forts & trading posts along the African coast. • Between 1870 & 1914CE, nearly all of Africa came under European rule. [Scramble for Africa] • Berlin Conference (1884-1885CE): to avoid war European nations divided up Africa among themselves • Economic Causes > need for natural resources > desire to expand markets > desire to invest profits > outlet needed for growing populations > economies strengthened by industrial revolution • Social Causes > desire to spread Christianity > desire to share Western civilization “White Man’s Burden” > belief in Social Darwinism > increased European self-confidence • Technological Causes > medical knowledge (quinine for malaria) > advances in weaponry (Maxim gun) > advances in overseas travel • Political and Military Causes > bases needed for merchant and naval vessels > national security > nationalism > prestige of global empire > strong, centrally-governed nation-states • Forms of Imperialism > Colony: a country or a region governed internally by a foreign power > Protectorate: a country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power > Sphere of Influence: an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges North Africa • Egypt > In the 1500s CE, the Ottoman Turks conquered North Africa. > In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt, & Egyptians broke free of Ottomans > Muhammad Ali (1769 – 1849) took control in 1805. > Ali’s reforms: - introduced modern farming methods - built dykes & irrigation canals - built schools - sent Egyptians to study in Europe - brought European experts to Egypt to establish textile mills, iron works, & shipyards - invited French military officers to train army -ordered cash crops grown to pay for reforms (cotton, sugar, & tobacco) > The Suez Canal - Ali borrowed money from European banks to help finance his reforms. - His successors borrowed even more. - Between 1859-1869, a French company built the canal; Mediterranean to Red Sea (Ferdinand de Lesseps) - Britain used it to trade with India. “Lifeline of the British Empire” - Egyptian ruler, Ismail, sold stock in the canal to Britain to help repay loans. - Britain invaded Egypt in 1882 to “protect European loans & investments” - Egypt became a protectorate. • Sudan > The Fashoda Incident > Britain felt that it had to control the entire Nile river to protect Egypt. > In 1898, British & Egyptian soldiers conquered the Sudan. > French troops had reached the town of Fashoda on the upper Nile in S. Sudan. > War seemed imminent. > France withdrew its troops. (Dreyfus Affair) French Captain Jean-Baptiste Marchand at Fashoda • Algeria > In 1830, King Charles X of France ordered an invasion of Algeria. > He hoped that a victory would divert the French people’s attention. > It didn’t. (Revolution of 1830) > For forty years, the Algerians resisted. > One million Europeans settled in Algeria during the 1800s. • Tunisia > After Britain moved into Egypt, France rapidly occupied Tunisia. (1882) • Morocco > In 1904, France recognized British control over Egypt, and Britain allowed France to establish a sphere of influence in Morocco. > German Emperor Wilhelm II supported an independent Morocco. • Ethiopia > Menelik II (ruled 1889-1909) > His dynasty had ruled Ethiopia since the 1200s CE. > He centralized power and built a new capital, Addis Ababa. > He hired Europeans to help improve Ethiopian schools. > Ethiopians developed a stronger sense of national unity & pride. > He played off Italy against France & was able to obtain weapons from both. > When Italy invaded Ethiopia, Menelik II called for negotiations. > Inaccurate maps & misleading information “leaked” to Italians. > He defeated the Italians at the Battle of Adowa in I896. > Ethiopia is one of only two African nations to retain their independence. • Somaliland & Eritrea > Italy established protectorates here • Libya > Italy set up a colony here. West and Central Africa • West Africa > By the 1600s, Portugal & other European nations had set up trading posts here. > These became the center of the slave trade with the Americas. > By 1870, 9.5 million Africans had been sent to the Americas. > The “Slave-Gun” cycle - African rulers & merchants brought slaves to trading posts on the coasts. - Africans traded slaves for guns, ammunition, and manufactured goods. - They used the guns to raid villages and capture more slaves. - Dahomey & Ashanti kingdoms conquered large areas this way. West African Slave Posts > Abolition of the Slave Trade - During the Enlightenment, some Europeans called for an end to slavery. - William Wilberforce succeeded in getting the English government to outlaw it in 1807. (Amazing Grace) - England used its navy to force other countries to stop importing slaves. - Portugal, Spain, & France = 1820 - In 1822, Liberia was founded as a refuge for former American slaves. - With U.S. help it maintained its independence. - West Africans began growing “cash crops” (cotton, cacao beans, etc.) to sell to Europeans. • Hausa-Fulani Empire (Nigeria) > Arab traders had introduced Islam into West Africa in the 800s. > Most people there mixed Muslim beliefs with their own faiths. > Early 1800s, devout Muslim leaders called for a jihad to restore the purity of Islam. > The result was the formation of several large Islamic empires. • The Congo > King Leopold II of Belgium (1865-1909) sent explorer Henry Stanley to negotiate treaties with rulers along the Congo river. > Exploit copper, ivory, rubber, & minerals > Became known as the Congo Free State (free trade) > Leopold II decreed that the government could take all “vacant” lands not “effectively occupied” by Africans. > Many Congolese resisted giving up their hunting and farming lands. > In 1888, Force Publique was organized. (Belgian officers & African soldiers) - Crush resistance & end slave trade > Congolese must pay taxes for protection (collect rubber & ivory) > In 1889, Leopold II convened an antislavery conference in Belgium. - Said that he must charge taxes on trade to support Force Publique - Propaganda: slavery & cannibalism > Leopold granted monopolies to Belgian companies to exploit resources. > Company managers forced Africans to work long hours & punished “slow workers.” - Cut off ears and hands - Imprisoned African women to make their husbands work harder. > Between 1885-1908, population of the Congo fell from 20 to 10 million. Children whose hands have been hacked off for failing to meet rubber quotas • Reports of Atrocities > Most Europeans & Americans saw the Congo Free State as a positive symbol of their “civilizing mission” in Africa. > British African subjects were recruited into the Force Publique and told British officials about their experiences upon returning home. > In 1890, American George Washington Williams traveled to the Congo. - Shocked by abuse, murders, etc. - Wrote letters to Leopold II, U.S. President Harrison, and major newspapers George Washington Williams > Christian missionaries from Europe and the U.S. began to report atrocities. > Reaction in Great Britain - E. D. Morel, a Liverpool shipping clerk, noticed that 80% of goods sent into the Congo were weapons. - He noted taxes; lack of free trade - In 1902, he gave his first speech criticizing Leopold’s policies = slavery - Began organizing meetings/protests E. D. Morel - He highlighted violation of the Berlin Agreement. - He encouraged those who had been to the Congo to speak out. - He lobbied members of the British Parliament to intervene. - All this was covered by the press. - May, 1903, Parliament debated the issue of the Congo - Sent Sir Roger Casement to the Congo to investigate Sir Roger Casement - Leopold accused Britain of wanting to take over the Congo and treating Africans just as brutally. - The Casement Report corroborated the stories of abuse and murder. - The report convinced Parliament that atrocities were being committed on a mass scale. - On June 9, 1904, Parliament met to decide how to handle the situation. > Results - Parliament came to no clear decision. - The British government “suggested” that the Congo Free State appoint an independent commission to investigate. - Leopold did, and, surprisingly, it mostly supported the Casement Report. - This unleashed a barrage of criticism of Leopold in Belgium and abroad. - The U.S. offered full support for any British action against Leopold. - In 1908, the Belgian government reluctantly took over the Congo Free State. African Resistance • Mandinka Kingdom (Guinea) > Samori Toure (1830-1900) - Unified his kingdom in 1874. - Fought French from 1882 1898, using British guns. - Captured & exiled to Gabon • Dahomey (Benin) > King Behanzin (1844-1906) - Assumed the throne 1889 - Fought the French from 1892 – 1894 - Exiled to Algeria South Africa • Boer War 1899-1902 - Britain recognized independence of Boer republics in 1852. - In 1880s, gold & diamonds discovered. (world’s largest gold producer) - Thousands of British sought fortune there - Boers worried that “Utilanders” would take over gov. – 14 year residency to vote - Paul Kruger was president of Transvaal. - Cecil John Rhodes was governor of Cape Colony. - Joseph Chamberlain was Colonial Secretary of Great Britain. Jameson Raid - Rhodes & Chamberlain planned an uprising of Utilanders in Johannesburg. - Leander Jameson was supposed to invade Transvaal in support. - Dec. 29, 1895, Jameson invaded, but no uprising occurred. - Jan. 2, 1896, Jameson surrendered. - Rhodes forced to resign. - To avoid a full British invasion, Kruger lowered citizenship residency to five years. - Britain sent more troops to South Africa in September of 1899. - Kruger issued an ultimatum: remove all British troops from border within 48 hours. - October 11, 1899, SAR declared war. - It was the longest, bloodiest, & most expensive war Britain fought 1815-1915. - Britain lost 22,000 men. - Boers lost 34,000 people. - Native Africans lost 15,000 people. Scorched Earth Policy - Lord Kitchener, British commander, ordered food supplies cut off to Boers. - 30,000 Boer farmhouses destroyed, crops burned, & livestock killed - Forty towns destroyed - Boer women and children were put into concentration camps. - poor sanitation & food shortages - Over 26,000 Boer women & children died - Over 15,000 native Africans died. - Boer soldiers were starved into surrendering. - In 1910, Britain combined Cape Colony, the Transvaal, & the Orange Free State into the Union of South Africa.