Download 15: Evolution

Diff. Biology Study Guide: Evolution
Key Terms
1. Biological evolution
2. Jean Baptist de Lamarck
3. inheritance of acquired characteristics
4. James Hutton
5. catastrophism
6. uniformitarianism
7. Charles Lyell
8. Alfred Russell Wallace
9. Charles Darwin
10. natural selection
11. survival of the fittest
12. Thomas Malthus
13. variation
14. excessive reproduction
15. evidence for evolution
16. Geologic
17. Radioactive decay
18. Fossils
19. Paleontology
20. Biogeography
21. Comparative anatomy
22. homologous
23. analogous
24. vestigial
25. Domestication
26. Embryology
27. Biochemistry
28. Molecular Genetics
29. Modern Synthesis
30. species
31. gene pool
32. allelic frequency
33. genetic equilibrium
34. genotype frequencies
35. Hardy-Weinberg Law
36. genetic drift
37. neutral selection
38. mutation pressure
39. gene flow
40. bottleneck effect
41. founder effect
42. selection pressure
43. polymorphism
44. heterozygote advantage
45. directional selection
46. disruptive selection
47. stabilizing selection
48. balanced polymorphism
49. adaptation
50. fitness
51. sexual selection
52. species
53. subspecies
54. anagenesis
55. cladogenesis
56. cline
57. subspecies
58. races
59. speciation
60. microevolution
61. macroevolution
62. phylogeny
63. prezygotic isolating mechanisms
64. geographic isolation
65. ecological(habitat) isolation
66. temporal(seasonal) isolation
67. behavioral isolation
68. mechanical isolation
69. gametic isolation
70. postzygotic isolating mechanisms
71. developmental isolation
72. hybrid inviability
73. hybrid sterility
74. allopatric speciation
75. sympatric speciation
76. polyploidy
77. evolutionary bottleneck
78. punctuated equilibrium
79. gradualism
80. Geologic time chart
81. index fossils
82. radioactive dating
83. phylogeny
84. systematics
85. convergent evolution
86. DNA hybridization
87. molecular clocks
Questions
1. Explain Charles Darwin's contributions to evolutionary ideas. Give the basic
assumptions upon which Darwin's theory rests. Indicate the types of evidence that
Darwin used in formulating his theory.
2. List the processes that can lead to genetic variation.
3. Explain why changes in somatic cells cannot bring about evolution.
4. Briefly contrast Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics with
Darwin's theory of natural selection.
5. Explain the concept of the gene pool. Given the frequencies of two alleles, be able
calculate the ratios of the genotypes produced by them, using a Punnett square or
algebraic method.
6. State the Hardy-Weinberg Law, and discuss its four conditions for maintenance of
genetic equilibrium. Why are these conditions rarely met in nature?
7. Explain how natural selection in one generation can affect the genotype of the next
generation.
8. Using diagrams contrast directional selection, stabilizing selection and disruptive
selection.
9. Describe heterozygote superiority, explain how this process helps maintain
deleterious recessive genes. (Note sickle cell anemia)
10. Give a biological definition of species.
11. Explain the geographic isolation model of speciation, in doing so take into account
the roles of mutation, natural selection, and the gene pool. Distinguish between
extrinsic and intrinsic isolating mechanisms.
12. Explain what is meant by adaptive radiation, and discuss the evidence for this
phenomenon.
13. Compare the hypotheses of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium, and give an
example supporting each hypothesis.