Download Groundwater Quality Research and Services at the Institute of

Groundwater Quality Research and
Resources at the Institute of Natural
Resources Sustainability (INRS)
Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS)
Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS)
Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS)
Illinois Sustainable Technology Center (ISTC)
January 27, 2009
Groundwater Quality Research:
INRS Equipment Resources
• Drilling rigs and trained personnel (ISGS)
• Field equipment
– Pumps
– Multi-sondes (T, pH, ORP, SpC, DO, etc.)
– Miscellaneous sampling equipment
– Water level measurement devices
Groundwater Quality Research:
INRS Analytical Laboratories
• ISWS Public Service Laboratory (PSL)
– Anions (ion chromatography); Metals (ICP-AES and
AA); Alkalinity (titration); TKN, NH4-N, NO2-N, P
(colorimetry); Organic Carbon (combustion); TDS
– Free analysis for domestic well owners
• ISGS Isotopic Geochemistry lab
– Stable isotopes (δD, δ18O, δ13C; sample prep for
δ34S)
– Radioisotopes (3H-water, 14C-DIC, CH4)
– Gases: N2, O2+Ar, CO2, CH4, alkanes (C2 to C6)
Groundwater Quality Research:
INRS Analytical Laboratories (cont.)
• ISTC analytical laboratories
– Metals, including speciation and Hg (ICP-MS, AA)
– Organic compounds, such as PAHs, VOCs,
pesticides, etc. (HPLC and GCMS systems)
– other
Groundwater Quality Research:
INRS Data Resources
• Databases (ISWS and ISGS)
– Groundwater quality (domestic and public supply)
– Well locations and logs
– Water levels, aquifer properties, etc.
Groundwater Quality Researchers
at INRS
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ISWS
Walt Kelly
Tom Holm
George Roadcap
Steve Wilson
Al Wehrmann
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ISGS
Sam Panno
Keith Hackley
Ivan Krapac
William Roy
Randy Locke
Jim Miner
Bill Dey
Ed Mehnert
Research Collaborators with INRS:
Groundwater Quality
UI
• Dept. Geology
• Dept. Civil & Environmental
Engineering
• Dept. Materials Science
• Vet/Med
• ACES
• NRES
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Others
ISU
NIU
SIU-Carbondale
SIU-Edwardsville
UI-Chicago
USGS
IEPA
IDOA
IDPH
County Health Depts.
Municipalities
INRS Groundwater Quality Research:
Overview
• Geochemical characterization of aquifers
• Contamination
– Nutrients (N) and other agricultural issues
– Urbanization/land use changes
– Natural drinking water contaminants
• Arsenic
• Radium and barium
– Vulnerable Environments
• Karst systems
• Nature Preserves
INRS Groundwater Quality Research:
Highlights
Mahomet Aquifer
Chloride
< 10 mg/L
30-40 mg/L
75-100 mg/L
0
10
Miles
20
30
300-600 mg/L
Tazewell
Mahomet Aquifer
Boundary
Ford
Champaign
McLean
Logan
DeWitt
Piatt
Kendall County:
Shallow Groundwater Quality
Kendall County: Shallow Groundwater
Kane County Shallow Aquifers:
Chloride
Gray areas: aquifer material within 50 ft of land surface
Chicago Region: annual average snowfall: 38 inches
>55,000 lane miles
annual average road salt application: > 270,000 tons
Aerial view of Lake Calumet
Lake Michigan
Loop 12 miles
Calumet River
Lake
Calumet
Wolf
Lake
94
Cal Sag Channel
N
Grand
Calumet R
Lake Calumet Shallow Monitoring Wells: Cl[1991]
Wells < 20 ft
94
Public Supply Wells: Chicago Region
55% have positive trends; >60% in DuPage, Will, Kane
37% > 1 mg/L/yr; 12% > 4 mg/L/yr
Identification of the sources of Na & Cl
Case study: Karst Waters
Mason Co. Tree Nursery
0
10
Depth (ft)
20
30
40
50
MLS-3
MLS-18
60
70
0
2
4
6
NO3-N (mg/L)
8
10
12
Mason Co. Tree Nursery
10
DO
Depth (ft)
20
NO3-N
30
40
Fe
50
0
2
4
6
8
10
NO3-N and DO (mg/L)
0.0
0.2
0.4
Fe (mg/L)
0.6
0.8
Nitrate Isotopes
Some Illinois Samples: Row Crop Sites
Nitrate Isotopes: ISU Research Farm
Pharmaceutical and Personal Care
Products (PPCPs) in the Environment
Tetracycline in Soil Amendments and Soils: ISU Farm
Tetracycline
Chlortetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Anhydrotetracycline
Anhydrochlortetracycline
Manure
slurry*
15.3
105.2
<5
< 10
< 10
Separated
Effluent*
9.0
23.0
<5
< 10
< 10
Manure
surface^
1.5
87.2
<1
6.2
11.2
Manure
deep^
<1
3.1
<1
<2
<2
Effluent
surface^
3.9
10.6
6.9
<2
<2
*ng/mL ^ng/g
Monitoring Confined Animal Feeding
Operations (CAFOS)
Program Objectives:
• Monitor Long-Term Groundwater Quality Near Swine
Confinement Facilities
• Determine the Occurrence and Concentration of:
–
–
–
–
Nutrients
Viruses
Antibiotics
Antibiotic Resistance Genes
• Evaluate the fate and transport of antibiotics and
antibiotic resistance genes in soil and groundwater
Tetracycline Detections
Parent Compounds
Conc. (µg/L)
N
Tetracycline
Chlortetracycline
Oxytetracycline
All Samples
52
4
5
5
Groundwater
45
0
0
2 (0.08-0.1)
Manure
7
4 (0.4 - 8.2)
5 (0.1- 14)
3 (0.3-0.4)
Breakdown Products
Anhydrotetracycline
Beta-Apoxytetracycline
Anhydrochlortetracycline
4
All Samples
27
3
6
Groundwater
24
1 (0.1)
3 (0.1 – 0.3)
Manure
3
2 (0.2)
3 (0.1 - 0.4)
3
(0.2-0.3)
1 (0.4)
Chloride Concentrations and
tet Gene Frequency
Chloride (mg/L)
Gene Frequency (%)
10.3
Stream
47.0
Site A
Stream
29
34.2
35
88
405
296
58.9
48.2
83
54
38
408
Lagoon
792
172 159
20.3
30.5
25
273
14.8
88
29.0
Lagoon
100
12.8
60
54
92
80
96
42
(2000-2003 N = 95)
35
50
Determining Soil Cleanup
Objectives (SCOs) for IDOA
• Derive SCOs for fertilizer NH4-N spills
– Protect groundwater quality in Illinois
– SCO ≈ amount sorbed plus extent of dilution
times a groundwater quality objective
– Movement of NH4+ as well as nitrification
– 10 mg/L as N yields a default SCO of 38 mg/kg
for NH4+
– Experiments showed SCOs correlated with
cation exchange capacity (CEC)
Proposed Default Soil Cleanup Objectives for
Ammonium: Since Promulgated by IDOA
CEC
<8
8 to 15
15 to 24
Class I as
mg N/kg
500
1,000
2,200
Class II as
mg N/kg
1,000
3,600
9,300
Arsenic in the Mahomet
100m
Arsenic Solubility Affected by OM Availability
Symbol size:
Relative As conc.
Arsenic Removal
Pilot Plant at Danvers, IL
Water Treatment Plant
Effect of H2O2 and Iron Dosage on Arsenic
Removal
Total As Concentration (ug/L) Remaining
35
30
Dp=55
25
Dp=27
Dp=0
20
Dp=27 Aer
Dp=0 Fe(II)
Dp=26
15
Dp=18
Dp=10
10
Dp=19 Fe(II)
5
0
0
5
10
15
20
Added Iron Concentration (mg/L)
25
Radium (Ra) in Water from the Deep
Bedrock Aquifer System
Area Where 226Ra
+ 228Ra > 5 pCi/L
has been
Detected in Deep
Bedrock System
Map Modified from Kay (1999)
The USEPA drinking water standard for
combined Ra is 5 pCi/L
Radium Concentrations by Aquifer
25
20
Ra226
Ra228
Total Ra
pCi/L
15
10
5
0
Galena/Platt
Ancell
Ironton/Gales
Mt Simon
Barium in Deep Bedrock Aquifers
Karst
Fecal Bacteria: Karst
(% detects)
Genera/ Species
Escherichia coli
Cave
Cave
Springs Streams Seeps
91%
81%
27%
Wells
11%
Septic
86%
Proteus mirabilis
26%
4%
0%
0%
18%
Staphylococcus sp.
63%
72%
60%
19%
59%
Streptococcus faecalis
72%
81%
53%
9%
55%
Streptococcus faecium
82%
53%
60%
30%
82%
Land Use in Karst: Well Data
d15NO3- Data: Wells (Karst)
Nature Preserves Program
• Cooperative effort of the
Surveys with IDNR since
1998
• PIs: Randy Locke and Jim
Miner
Bluff Spring Fen, Chloride (Nov. 2007)
6
(150)
P82-S
(160)
Clean
pond
(70)
Gifford
Lake
South Outfall
(220)
higher
chloride
Portal
= water quality sampling location
(77) = chloride conc. (mg/L), Nov 2007
= generalized surface water movement
= infiltration trench
Chloride - Well P82-S
Concentration (mg/L)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
8/1/06 12/1/06 4/2/07
8/2/07 12/2/07 4/2/08
Sample Date
The
End