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CD4+ helper T1 (TH1) cells and TH2 T cells secrete distinct but overlapping sets of cytokines. TH1 CD4+ cells are frequently activated in immune and inflammatory reactions against intracellular bacteria or viruses, whereas TH2 CD4+ cells are frequently activated for certain types of antibody production against parasites and extracellular encapsulated bacteria; they are also activated in allergic diseases. GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor. (Adapted from S Romagnani: CD4 effector cells, in Inflammation: Basic Principles and Clinical Correlates, 3rd ed, J Gallin, R Snyderman [eds]. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999, p 177; with permission.) Source: Introduction to the Immune System, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Citation: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e; 2015 Available at: http://mhmedical.com/ Accessed: May 11, 2017 Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
