Download Disease Ecology

Disease Ecology:
The role of global change on
emerging infectious diseases
Rabies Diagnostic
Laboratory
Samantha M. Wisely
Division of Biology
KSU
KSU
Conservation
Genetic
and
Molecular
Ecology Lab
Emerging infectious diseases
• Usually zoonotic
• Appear in areas undergoing ecological
transformation
• Result from adaptation to new hosts OR
• Reemerge as a result of antimicrobial resistance
• Increase in the past 2 decades
EID Institutes and Programs
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NSF/NIH Ecology of Infectious Diseases
NEON - Detecting EID’s
KSU Biosecurity Research Institute
KSU Food Safety Institute
KSU Department of Plant Pathology
KSUCVM Diagnostics and Pathobiology
KSU TE proposal - Developing predictive
epidemiological models
How do global and regional drivers affect
ecosystem services like disease regulation?
Climate
Host
Habitat
Pathogen
Alternate Host
Community
Structure
Ecological transformation
• Human induced habitat change in the Flint
Hills
– Woody encroachment
– Suburbanization
– Changing livestock practices
• Increases transmission rates of emerging
infectious diseases
EID Research Models on KPBS
Driver
Pathogen
Host
Rabies
Striped skunk
Chronic
Wasting
Disease
Cattle
Bison
Suburbanizatio
n
Woody
encroachment
White-tailed
deer
Agricultural
landscape
AR
Enterrococcus
Agricultural
landscape
Multiple
Big bluestem
Wheat
Rabies model
Climate
Skunk
Suburbanization
Rabies
Human
Increased
companion
animal density
Effective number of infections
No. of positive animals
400
0.8
350
0.7
300
0.6
250
0.5
200
0.4
150
0.3
100
0.2
50
0.1
0
19
69
19
71
19
73
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
20
07
0
Significant periodicity at 4 and 10 years
Heather Barton, in prep.
2-3 years
No admixture of variant clusters
9-1
2y
ear
s
Skunk population dynamics
• Global FST= 0.02
• 11 migrants per
generation
• Non-equilibrium
populations
• Evidence of
population bottleneck
n=23
n=18
n=22
Integrate
• Habitat use
• Land cover change
• Risk assessment
Check out Sarah Bowe’s poster!!
Future directions
• How do multiple infections influence
epidemiology of rabies?
• How does community composition
influence the evolutionary potential of
rabies?
• What is the effect of temperature and
precipitation on rabies evolution?
NSF – EID proposal, in prep.
Predictive model of CWD spread in Kansas based on
habitat suitability and genetic susceptibility
Climate
Whitetailed deer
Habitat
CWD
Environment
Community
Structure
Landscape genetic
analysis of
population
connectivity
Frequency of
susceptible
genotypes
Dr. Mark Statham
Alyssa Mattox
Future Directions
• How does population density influence
relatedness, group structure, and spatial
arrangement on KPBS?
How community structure contributes to the spread of
antibiotic resistance
Helmut Hirt
Climate
Cattle
Environment
Habitat
Antibiotic
resistant
microbes
Bison
Small mammals
Community
Structure
Enterococcal Species Distribution and
Antibiotic Resistance
Total isolates:
Bison: 125
Cattle: 63
Bison - Cattle
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Bison
Cattle
Amp Cip
Cm Erm Gen
Tet
Van
Antibiotic resistance
Species determined by:
ddl
Multiplex-PCR
vanC1/C2
sodA - sequencing
Tetracycline resistance: 8% (bison) - 42.9% (cattle)
Erythromycin resistance: 4% (bison) - 12.7% (cattle)
Ciprofloxacin resistance: 14.4% (bison) - 9.5% (cattle)
Future Directions
• Colonization patterns in individual bison
over time
• Sample Konza soil, plants, water for
enterococci and antibiotic resistance genes
• Sample small mammals for enterococci and
resistance genes
Plant Disease Ecology
Karen Garrett
Climate
Wheat
Habitat
Pathogen
Native grass
Community
Structure
BYDV infection in native grasses
• First report of BYDV/CYDV in these grass species: percentage
infection based on at least 50 plants of each species
• PAV is the most common strain in wheat, but was not recovered
from the grasses at Konza Prairie
• In wheat, infection rates for the “tallgrass prairie strains” were high
adjacent to prairie but fell off 30 m into wheat fields
Percentage plants infected by virus strain
Grass species
PAV
MAV RMV
RPV
SGW
Indian grass
0
0
0
0
0
Little bluestem
0
4
2
0
58
Switchgrass
0
31
0
0
4
Big bluestem
0
59
0
0
3
Garrett et al. 2004
Cox et al, in review: Pathogen sharing and
connectivity among dominant grasses
Susceptibility of native
grasses to take-all
Grass species
Big bluestem
Little bluestem
Indian grass
Switchgrass
Sideoats grama
Blue grama
Buffalo grass
Response
Res
Res
Res
Res
Sus
Sus
Sus
• Native grass seedlings
showed nearly complete
resistance or
susceptibility to the
take-all pathogen
• Connectivity analysis
based on spatial pattern
of host species that
share this and other
pathogens
Summary
• National Academies Grand Challenge
• Both ecological and evolutionary responses
to global change