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Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 4(4): 367-374, 2008
© 2008, INSInet Publication
Diagnosis and Treatment of Bovine, Ovine and Equine Dermatophilosis
Awad, W.S., Nadra-Elwgoud, M.I. Abdou and El-Sayed, A.A
Department of Medicine and infectious diseases,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Abstract: To investigate Dermatophilus congolensis infection in cattle, sheep and horses suffering from
exudative dermatitis with trials for treatment. Thick scabs and skin scrapings were obtained from 17 beef
cattle, 13 sheep and 8 horses. Bacteriological examination revealed D. congolensis infection with morbidity
rates of 8.7%, 5.8% and 9.6%, respectively. The infection was associated with tick infestation in 76.5%
of the infected cattle and with lice infestation in 23.1% of infected sheep. Treatment of bovine and ovine
dermatophilosis using 2 doses of oxytetracycline /LA with one day apart revealed 85.7% and 100% cure
rates, respectively, whereas using single dose of oxytetracycline /LA revealed 71.4% and 80% cure rates
respectively. Topical application of povidone-iodine and parental injection of oxytetracycline revealed
100% and 66.7% cure rates, respectively for treatment of equine dermatophilosis.
Key words: Cattle, sheep, horse, D. congolensis, dermatophilosis, isolation and treatment
From these animals, heavy scabs were collected in
clean sterile tubes for isolation of D. congolensis, in
addition to skin scrapings [3 3 ] from the marginal parts of
skin lesion for parasitological examination and hair and
wool from the periphery of the lesion for mycological
examination.
INTRODUCTION
Dermatophilosis is an acute or chronic exudative
epidermitis with scab formation, firstly recorded in
cattle in Belgian Congo [1 ] with the name Dermatose
contagieuse (Impetigo contagieux). The causative
bacterium is aerobic, Gram-positive actinomycete called
Dermatophilus congolensis (D. congolensis).
The disease distributed worldwide but mainly
recorded in African countries [2 ,3 ,4 ] and to some extent in
Europe [5 ,6 ], Asia [7 ,8 ], Australia [9 ] and Americans [1 0 ].
The most affected domestic animals are cattle 1 1 ,1 2 ,
sheep [1 3 ,1 4 ], horses [1 5 ,1 6 ] and goats [1 7 ]. The disease had
been recorded also in camels [1 8 ], buffaloes [7 ], donkeys [1 9 ],
cats [2 0 ] , dogs [2 1 ] and wildlife [2 2 ,2 3 ]. Dermatophilosis leads
to great economic losses in African countries [1 5 ,2 4 ] due
to inferior wool and leather quality [2 5 ,2 6 ] , death and
culling [2 7 ,2 8 ], decrease milk production and increase in
somatic cell count[2 9 ], decrease in semen quality [3 0 ] and
the treatment expenses. In addition to its economic
importance, the disease plays a role in public health
and can be transmitted to human [3 1 ,3 2 ].
Examination of Samples:
Bacteriological Examination:
Direct M icroscopical Examination [3 4 ]: Small pieces
were taken from the underside of the scab and softened
in few drops of distilled water on a clean microsope
slide, a smear was made and stained by Loeffler's
methylene blue, Giemsa or Gram's stains.
Culturing M ethod: According to a previously
mentioned method [3 5 ], a small amount of scab material
was grinded up, placed in a screw capped bottle,
moistened with one ml sterilized distilled water and
allowed to stand open for 3 and half hours on the
bench. Then the opened bottle transferred to candle jar
with a candle was burned within the jar to obtain 1020% CO 2 tension (so the motile zoospores were
chemotactically attracted to the CO 2 enhanced
atmosphere and move to the surface of distilled water).
After 15 minutes, the bottle was carefully removed and
drop taken from the water surface with a
bacteriological loop and seeded on Brain heart infusion
(BHI, Biolife s.r.l., Italy) agar plates which incubated
at 37EC in 20% CO 2 tension for 24 to 48 hours. The
suspected colonies were identified [3 4 ,3 6 ,3 7 ] on the basis of
their macromorphology on medium and their
M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS
Animals and Samples: A total of 38 (out of 503) farm
animals with exudative dermatitis of different species,
ages and sexes were examined. These included 17 beef
cattle (out of 196) from a feed-lot farm in El-Fayoum
governorate, 13 sheep (out of 224) from a breeding
farm in El-Sharkia and 8 horses (out of 83) belonging
to private stables in Giza governorate.
Corresponding Author: Awad, W.S., Department of Medicine and infectious diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo
University, Giza, Egypt.
E-mail: [email protected]
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micromorphology by taking a part of the colonies on
clean slide and stained by Loeffler's methylene blue, or
Giemsa or Gram's stain.
track'' like appearance (Fig. 2) which is characteristic
for D. congolensis.
The yellowish-orange color of colonies is in
agreement with previously mentioned study [4 1 ], also a
change of colonial color from white to yellow [1 9 ] and
presence of both grayish-white and yellowish colored
colonies [ 4 2 ] were mentioned, whereas others [ 4 3 ]
mentioned the colonies color as gray to white.
Direct microscopical examination of stained smears
from the underside of the scabs collected from acute
cases (2 horses only) was carried out and revealed the
same as those smears taken from colonies, but stained
smears taken from dried scabs collected from chronic
cases (rest of animals) showed low numbers of bacteria
and the characteristic appearance of D. congolensis was
not obvious.
Bacteriological examination revealed D. congolensis
in 17 out of 196 beef cattle, 13 out of 224 sheep and
8 out of 83 horses with morbidity rates 8.7%, 5.8%
and 9.6% respectively.
Similar morbidity rates of bovine dermatophilosis
as 5.22%, 11.40% and 7.96% and were recorded [3 ,7 ,1 9 ],
res p e c tive ly. T he m o rb id ity ra te o f bo vine
dermatophilosis may exceed 52% of the cattle
population 4 4 . This wide range of animal susceptibility
may be attributed to the difference in management,
housing or hygienic conditions.
On the other hand, morbidity rates of ovine
dermatophilosis were recorded [4 5 ] in a range varied from
3% to 45% within affected flocks. The prevalence of
ovine dermatophilosis in the present investigation was
5.8% which is approximately similar to that reported in
Ethiopia [1 3 ] and north Iran 1 4 and reached 3% and 4.2%,
respectively.
Morbidity rates of equine dermatophilosis was
recorded [1 9 ,4 6 ,4 7 ,4 8 ] in percentages of 21.66%, 9.4%,
24.5% and 0.44%, respectively. In the present work,
dermatophilosis could be detected in 9.6% of the
investigated horses.
For the confirmation of the diagnosis and exclusion
of possible mixed infection, direct microscopical
examination of skin scrapings and hair or wool tufts
collected from the periphery of the lesions was carried
out. Neither mites nor fungal elements could be
detected, while mixed infection with the dermatophyte
T. verrucosum in cattle and horses, in addition to
chorioptic mite in sheep were previously recorded [1 9 ].
Clinical picture of bovine dermatophilosis was
observed as thick greasy scabs with protruded hair
were distributed on the neck (Table 1, Fig. 3), back,
sides and ventral abdomen. The ease of removal of
scabs varied. In some cases it was painful, difficult to
remove and leaves a slightly hemorrhagic surface in
underlying skin. In other cases it was easy to remove
and the underlying skin appeared normal to some
extent. Mostly, the scabby area was accompanied with
Parasitological and M ycological Examination: Direct
microscopical examination was done for detection of
mites in skin scrapings and/or fungal elements of
dermatophytes on hair and wool. A small part of the
sample (skin scrapings, hair or wool) was placed on a
clean glass slide, a several drops of KOH solution of
different concentrations (5-10-20%) were added,
covered with clean coverslip and gently pressed, the
slide was gently heated (without boiling) for 10 - 15
seconds [ 3 8 ] . P repared samp les were examined
microscopically under low and high power objectives
for detection of mites [3 9 ] and/or fungal elements [4 0 ].
Drugs Used for Treatment Trial:
Systemic Antibiotics:
Terramycin ® / LA (pfizer, Egypt), each 1 ml.
contains 200 mg oxytetracycline.
Dose used for cattle and sheep: 1 ml. / 10 kg
b.wt., by I/M injection, either in a single dose or in 2
doses with one day apart.
Pan-Terramycin ® (pfizer, Egypt), each 1 ml.
contains 30 mg oxytetracycline.
Dose used for horses: 1 ml. / 10 kg b.wt., by I/M
injection for 4 days.
Local Application:
C
Iodophor ® (iodine content min. 2.3% w/v) Medical union pharmaceutical co., Ismailia. Used
by topical application as 10% diluents for horses.
Insecticide:
C Butox ® 50 (Intervet, Egypt), each 100 ml. contain
5 gm Deltamethrin.
For spraying for ticks each 50 ml. diluted in 100
L. water, while for lice each 25 ml. diluted in 100 L.
water.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Cultivation of thick scabs on BHI medium revealed
24 hours old pin point colonies about 1 mm in
diameter with fimbriated borders (Fig. 1) developed
into rough yellowish-orange colonies about 2-3 mm in
diameter after 3-4 days which were firmly adherent and
embedded into the medium. A part of the colony was
stained and microscopically examined revealing the
presence of Gram +ve cocci arranged in parallel-lines
in form of branched septate (both transverse and
longitudinal planes) hyphae resulting in a ''railroad-
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J. Appl. Sci. Res., 4(4): 367-374, 2008
D istribution of D erm atophilosis lesions on body parts of
cattle, sheep and horses.
Site of lesions
Cattle (17)
Sheep (13)
H orses (8)
Face and ears
4 (30.8% )
N eck
12 (70.6% )
9 (69.2% )
Back and sides
3 (17.7% )
3 (23.1% )
5 (62.5% )
H ind quarters
3 (37.5% )
H ind legs
2 (25.0% )
Ventral abdom en
3 (17.7% )
Table 1:
cracks. The distribution of the lesions varied also in
previous clinical reports, where lesions were recorded [4 3 ]
on head, neck, back, sides, hindquarters, ventral
abdomen, udder and legs, whereas in different study 7
lesions were observed on legs, tests and udder and in
third study [1 9 ] lesions observed on back, sides and
ramp. Lesions were also seen [4 ,4 9 ] to be confined to the
inguinal regions and between the front limbs.
There was an association with tick (identified as
Boophilus annulatus) infestation in 13 (76.5%) out of
17 cases showing the disease, this is in disagreement
with records [5 0 ] of negative correlations between
Boophilus species and dermatophilosis and that
Amblyomma variegatum was the most important tick
factor involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. In
Ethiopia [5 1 ], the association with ticks was recorded as
45.2%. Infection with D. congolensis occurs when the
integrity of the skin is impaired, as in long exposure to
rain or traumatic injuries resulting from arthropod bites,
e.g. from ticks, flies and mosquitoes [5 2 ]. It had been
suggested that, the arthropods also serve as mechanical
transmitters of D. congolensis into epidermal layers,
where germination of zoospores takes place to form
multidimensional branching filaments [5 3 ]. The isolation
of the organism from the mouthparts of ticks removed
from infected and-apparently non-infected skin of cattle
was succeeded [ 5 4 ] . T he hard tick Amblyom m a
variegatum had been associated with transmission of
the disease [4 9 ,5 5 ] as a result of their immunosuppressive
effect on the host[5 6 ]. Nutritional deficiency also
predispose to dermatophilosis [5 7 ], so even in the absence
of ticks clinical cases would still occur.
Lesions of ovine dermatophilosis were recorded as
moderate sized thick greasy scabs and matted wool
distributed over neck (Table 1, Fig. 4), back and sides,
in addition to light brown, small sized scabs on the
hairy areas of the face and ears. Patches of wool were
easily detachable by hand.
Lesions on ears and muzzle area had been
recorded [8 ,5 8 ], whereas lesions on wooly parts of back,
sides and neck and on hairy parts of face and legs had
also been recorded [1 9 ].
In the present study, and in agreement with
previous study [5 9 ], Damalinia ovis (sheep biting louse)
found on the body of 3 (23.1%) out of 13 animals
showing the disease.
Acute form of equine dermatophilosis was seen in
2 of the investigated horses. The lesions observed as
thick scabs raised on body surface, elliptical in shape,
the scabs with matted hairs (Fig. 5) were hard to be
plucked off which was accompanied with pain and
revealed elliptical areas of ulcerated skin with bleeding,
whereas the undersurface of scabs was concave with
thick yellowish pus. The chronic form of the disease
was seen in 6 horses as large plaques of matted hairs
overlying slightly inflamed skin which tended to be
Fig. 1: Colony D. congolensis (24 hours old) on BHI
agar (X100).
Fig. 2: Branched septate hyphae of D. congolensis
stained by Loeffler's methylene blue (X1000).
Fig. 3: Thick scabs on neck of beef cattle.
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J. Appl. Sci. Res., 4(4): 367-374, 2008
A history was taken about neglecting the scraping
off sweat and water using sweat scraper, so skin
wetness occurred for long period and predisposed to
infection, this agreed with a record [1 5 ] of an association
between dermatophilosis and frequent washing in
horses.
Treatment: After confirmation of the diagnosis using
bacteriological examination, 17 beef calves were
divided into 3 groups. The first group comprised of 7
calves that were injected by oxytetracycline /LA (20
mg/kg b.wt., I/M, 2 doses, 1 day interval), the second
group included 7 calves that were injected by
oxytetracycline /LA (20 mg/kg b.wt., I/M, single dose)
and third untreated group comprised of 3 calves that
left as control.
The diseased sheep were divided also into 3
groups. The first group comprised of 5 animals that
were injected by oxytetracycline /LA (2 doses, 1 day
interval), the second group included 5 animals that
were injected by oxytetracycline /LA (single dose) and
third untreated group comprised of 3 animals that were
left as control.
The diseased horses were divided in turn into 3
groups, the first group comprised of 3 animals that
were injected by oxytetracycline (1 ml. / 10 kg b.wt.,
by I/M injection for 4 days), the second group
comprised of 3 animals that were treated locally by
Iodophor (as 10% diluents) daily for 7 days, and then
once weekly and third group comprised of 2 animals
that were left as control. Clipping of hairs and removal
of crusts were done before local application of
Iodophor using suitable brush.
Butox ® was sprayed once weekly to control
infestation with ticks and lice in cattle and sheep
during the period of treatment trial.
Results of treatment of dermatophilosis (Table, 2)
in cattle, sheep and horses revealed that, using 2 doses
of oxytetracycline /LA in cattle and sheep revealed
85.7% and 100% cure rates, respectively, whereas
using single dose of oxytetracycline /LA in cattle and
sheep revealed 71.4% and 80% cure rates respectively,
while using of topical application of iodophor and
oxytetracycline injection in horses revealed 100% and
66.7% cure rates, respectively.
In this study, a comparison between using
oxytetracycline /LA for treatment of dermatophilosis in
cattle and sheep either by single dose or by 2 doses
with one day apart revealed better cure rates by the
second method. D ifferent cure rates had been obtained
previously [6 1 ,6 2 ] as 93% and 90% cure rates in different
grades of infection, respectively. High efficacy of
oxytetracycline /LA for the treatment of bovine
dermatophilosis was recorded [6 3 ], but slightly better
result was obtained by its combination with formalin.
However, 4 successive injections did not cure a severe
Fig. 4: Scabs on neck of ewe.
Fig. 5: Clumps of hair and epidermal crusts from
horse.
exudative, extensive crusting and exudation with hair
loss, or hairs became matted with dried exudates and
bare skin areas showed patches of hypo-pigmentation
were seen. Lesions in both forms were not pruritic.
In the present study, lesions were distributed
on back, sides, hind quarters and hind legs
(Table 1, Fig. 6). Distribution of lesions was recorded
mainly on head, neck, back and sides [4 3 ], on the
coronets and pasterns [4 7 ], along the back and down the
legs [6 0 ], on neck, withers, shoulders, back, sides, croups,
thighs and cannons [4 8 ] and on back, rump, hindquarters,
muzzle and face [1 9 ].
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The treatm ent protocol of D erm atophilosis in cattle, sheep and horse.
N o. of cured anim als at week no.
Anim al species D rug used
N o. of anim als
----------------------------------------------------------Total no. cured (% )
1
2
3
4
Cattle (17)
O x/LA (2 doses)
7
3
3
0
0
6 (85.7% )
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O x/LA (single dose)
7
1
4
0
0
5 (71.4% )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Control
3
0
0
0
0
0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sheep (13)
O x/LA (2 doses)
5
3
2
0
0
5 (100% )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------O x/LA (single dose)
5
2
2
0
0
4 (80% )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Control
3
0
0
0
0
0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H orses (8)
O xytetracycline
3
1
1
0
0
2 (66.7% )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Iodophor
3
0
1
2
0
3 (100% )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Control
2
0
0
0
0
0
Table 2:
Fig. 6: Lesions on hind legs and hindquarters of a horse.
case in a ram [6 4 ] and appreciable results in severe
cases could not be achieved, but in less severe
infections better results were obtained [6 5 ].
Treatment of 3 horses using oxytetracycline result
in a relief of 2 of them (66.7%) which agreed with
the high antibiotic sensitivity of all field isolates of
D. congolensis isolated from equine to this antibiotic
previously obtained [5 ].
In agreement with the previous treatment trials [1 9 ,4 8 ],
topical treatment of horses with iodophor in the present
study was superior and gave better results and higher
cure rate (100%) than systemic treatment with
oxytetracycline (66% cure rate). Local preparations of
0.2% organic iodine for the resolution of skin lesions
was also used in combination with parenteral
antibiotic [6 6 ].
The direct contact of povidone iodine with lesions
inhibits and destroys D. congolensis, whereas in case
of using parental treatment, the concentration of
antibiotic reaching the skin in some circumstances may
be in lower level to be effective on the bacteria. On
the other side, other topical treatments had failed [6 7 ]
because of the thickness of the crusts preventing the
drug from coming into direct contact with the infected
areas. In conclusion, the success of the treatment of
dermatophilosis seems to be affected by many
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J. Appl. Sci. Res., 4(4): 367-374, 2008
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