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The Greek “Polis”: Athens and Sparta I. The classical ________ (city) was a political, social, and cultural entity. Over the next few classes we will look at it from each of these points of view! (yay!) A. The physical characteristics of a polis can be expressed by this formula: astry + chora = polis 1. Astry is the Greek word for city proper, the ____ of the polis What are modern and/or local examples of: Astry: 2. Chora means region or district; the land surrounding the polis 3. So, a polis always has an urban and a _________ zone: Chora: a. Athens + Attica = Athenian polis b. Sparta + Laconia = Spartan polis 4. The urban area usually had an agora (market area), temples, a building or area where public decisions were made, and entertainment facilities like theaters or _______________. II. Sparta’s early development is (like many other things) shrouded in mystery. Supposedly, Lycurgus, a mythical law-giver, on the command of the gods, gave Sparta a ______________________ around 750 BC. A. The outstanding feature of the Spartan system was the __________ classes 1. The homoloi (________) were adult male Spartan citizens over the age of eighteen. They had substantial rights of political participation which was unusual at a time so early in history 2. The periokoi (dwellers about) were what we would call “resident aliens”. These people were not citizens but enjoyed basic ____________________. 3. The helots (state slaves) were the conquered peoples. The helots belonged to Sparta (the ________) not to individual people Agora: Label the social pyramid below with the three main social classes of Sparta B. There were two kings, drawn from the same two families, who had veto power over each other. One was usually at home, and one away with the _______________. C. There were two deliberative councils 1. All equals belonged to the Assembly of Equals. This body could propose laws, wars, treaties but could not legislate by itself. 2. Real power belonged to a High Council consisting of the kings, the ephors (overseers/elders), and equals over the age of sixty. His body could ignore or act on suggestions from the assembly of equals. D. Krypteia (secret police) were young men between 18 and 20 who primarily spied on the helots but also snooped on ordinary equals III. The Spartan constitution depended on the ___________ system, the agoge (the training, or upbringing) A. Babies were inspected at birth, and the healthy ones were returned to their parents until age 7 B. At age 7, boys were enrolled in military brotherhoods to which they belonged for the rest of their lives. From 17-18 they underwent rigorous physical and military training. From 18-20 many served in secret service. They then entered a regular army unit until age 60. C. Marriage was not for __________, but to just produce more equals D. The system aimed to create military excellence, discipline, and _________________. E. Spartan life was very simple and _________________. 1. Spartans believed that book-learning made men effeminate 2. Spartan used iron money to make hoarding unattractive a. Very little/no __________________ In the chart below, label the Spartan government with: King 1, King 2, Assembly of Equals, and High Council IV. On the other side of the pond, Athens tells the story of a shift in power from the eupatrids (the well-fathered ones) to the demos (the people). A. With the power of hindsight, we can see an orderly process (that would lead to the creation of democracy) that almost seems inevitable to us today! B. That process also seems natural to use because we suppose that others would share in our (American) love for ____________________ (which means rule by the people or demos). C. But ancient writers disliked democracy…especially Athens’ version of democracy because it was something the world had never seen before and appeared ____________ and wild at times D. Athens created democracy accidentally as the city’s leaders responded to many different crises V. In the 7th century BC, most of the Greek world (with the notable exception of Athens and Sparta) experienced _______________. How did Athens escape this?! A. Around 621 BC Draco codified the laws of Athens and posted them in the Athenian agora. This code was harsh- “Draconian”- but it represented a concession to those who opposed the arbitrary rule of the eupatrids. Athens was, in principle, ruled by ________- not by _______! B. Ordinary Athenian farmers still suffered cycles of boom and bust, and the city was home to more and more rich merchants who had no place in a society dominated by wealthy, land-owning eupatrids. 1. In 594, Solon, a eupatrid who had made a fortune in trade, was appointed lawgiver and was given a lot of authority to make law reform 2. He was a moderate guy with little personal _____________ (as he had already struck it rich!) 3. He abolished many debts and debt slavery, lowered basic qualification for holding office, extended the right to _____; Define tyranny: What is another example? (historic or modern) 4. And he created a Council of 400 who set the agenda for the assembly of all __________ (this is the opposite of Sparta’s system!)