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Cytoplasmic Movements microfilaments in cell Campbell Fig. 7.27 Eukaryote Locomotion All is based on contractile fibers • mitotic spindle and centrioles • eukaryote flagellum and cilia • ameboid movement and cytoplasmic streaming 9 + 2 double fibrils Campbell Fig. 4.18 Flagellum Cilia Kingdom Plantae Cellular Characters,Tissues Phylogeny and Life Cycles Pop quiz • What Eukaryotic kingdom has no mitochondria and flagellar motion? • List the 4 basic animal tissue types. What is a plant? Compare a typical plant and alga Plantae • Photoautotrophs by chloroplasts (a few are absorptive heterotrophs) • Cellulose cell walls • Locomotion rare – Some green algae are flagellated – Male gamete is flagellated in many plants – multicellular A Composite Plant Cell Campbell Fig. 4.5B Plant tissues and organs • Leaf tissue • Stem tissue • Root tissue Campbell 31.6 Plant tissues and organs • Leaf tissue • • • • Upper epidermis Lower epidermis Mesophyll Functions – Photosynthesis – Gas exchange Campbell 31.6 Plant tissues and organs Campbell 32.4 • Guard cells – Prevent water loss – Control gas exchange Plant tissues and organs • Stem tissue • Function – Conducts water and nutrients between roots and leaves • Vascular bundlesxylem (water) and phloem (sugars) (sugars) • Ground tissue • epidermis Campbell 31.6 Plant tissues and organs Campbell 32.4 • Root tissue – Conducts water and nutrients to/from stems and leaves – Vascular tissue- xylem (water) and phloem (sugars) (sugars) – Meristem = growth Evolutionary History of Plants Campbell 17.3A Alternation of Generations • sporophyte – – – – Diploid (two of each chromosome) Produces haploid spores or gametes by meiosis Sporangium- produces spores Spores- haploid cells that develop into haploid multicellular adults • gametophyte – Haploid (one of each chromosome) – Produces gametes by mitosis Alternation of Generations Fig 17.4 Plants probably evolved from Green Algae • Evolved from charophytes (see 17.2) • Branched upright stem • Primitive vascular tissue • Sporangium • Spore • Cooksonia 400 mybp Cooksonia Green Algae Caulerpa Volvox multicellular seaweed unicellular, colonial algae Campbell Fig. 16.25C Gametophyte usually dominant Spirogyra Mosses Campbell 17.5 Moss compare Campbell Fig. 17.5 spores spores sporophytes gametophytes non-vascular, gametophyte dominant Fern compare Campbell Fig. 17.6 Fern compare Campbell Fig. 17.6 haploid spores produced by meiosis in sporangia on fronds scattered by wind and water diploid sporophytes grow out of gametophytes from fertilized ovules haploid gametophytes (small, not visible in photo) grow from haploid spores Ferns are vascular plants, but make no seeds Sporophyte dominant A Gymnosperm (conifer) sporophytes Campbell Fig. 17.8 Forms seeds without covers, “naked” gametophytes (= gametes) Gymnosperms Angiosperms Angiosperms (flowering plants) Campbell Fig. 17.11 Gametophytes are pollen and ovules sporophytes plants form mutualisms with animals for pollination and seed dispersal Scavenger Hunt! • Group 1 – Sporophytes and Gametophytes from and angiosperm • Group 2 – Mushrooms • Group 3 – Non vascular plant – candy • Group 4 – Sporophytes and gametophytes from a gymnosperm Kingdom Fungi Cellular Characters, Diversity and Ecological Roles Fungi • • • • • • • • • Hyphae Mycelium Dikaryotic Fruiting body Life cycle Lichens Athlete’s foot Candida albicans Ringworm Fungi • entirely absorptive heterotrophs – haploid or dikaryotic nuclei in coenocytic hyphae – thin, numerous hyphae give large surface area • lack flagella – except gametes of some chytrid fungi • chitinous cell walls Fungal Hypha Campbell Fig. 17.6A Types of Fungi • Growth forms of Fungi: – molds, or mycelia - yeasts – mushrooms - rusts,mildews – lichens (with algae) • Absorptive heterotrophs – decomposers, parasites, mutualists Fungi life cycle Yeast - Fungi unicellular growth form of fungi Bread Mold Life Cycle Campbell Fig. 17.16D A Mutualism: Mycorrhizae Campbell Fig. 17.17 Mushroom Campbell Fig. 31.9a many mushrooms are fruiting bodies of mycorrhizae Lichen Mutualism Campbell Fig. 17.18A,B fungal mycelium algal cells cyanobacteria OR green algae, with fungi More Lichens National Geographic (blueberries, too) Fungi you don’t want! Campbell 17.19C • Athletes foot • Ringworm Fungi you don’t want! • Candida albicans Candida growing in the esophagus • Grows normally in digestive tract • Normally controlled by intestinal bacterial • Bacterial imbalance lets it grow • Symptoms-lethargy, diarrhea, constipation, depression • Treatment -diet change and medication monitoring Fungi you do want! • Cheeses-Roqufort bleu cheese • Truffles- fruiting bodies of mycorrhizal fungi • Mushrooms • Brewers yeast • Antibiotics-Penicillin (Penicillium)
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