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Download inhibit NADH oxidation which is necessary for glycolysis :FFA
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THE ADRENAL GLAND The Adrenal Gland The Adrenal Gland The adrenal medulla catecholamine The adrenal cortex corticoids Anatomy of Adrenal Cortex zona glomerulosa secretes zona fasciculata secretes aldosterone glucocorticoids zona reticularis secretes androgens Adrenocortical hormone Renal and Circulatory effects of Aldosterone Aldosterone Increases Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Na+ and Secretion of K+ Excess Aldosterone↑→ ECF ↑→ABP↑ Small effect on plasma Na+ Concentration Renal and Circulatory effects of aldosterone K+ concentration Aldosterone ↑→ Hypokalemia and Muscle Weak- ness Aldosterone ↓→Hyperkalemia and Cardiac Toxicity Mild Alkalosis: Aldosterone ↑ adrenal glands suddenly stop secreting aldosterone salt are lost in the urine→ECF↓ → blood volume ↓ → circulatory shock → causes death within a few days (without treatment) Glucocorticoids Function :inhibit NADH oxidation which is necessary for glycolysis :FFA↑ Glucocorticoids Function Poor wound healing not most other cells Glucocorticoids Function : same with mobilization of amino acid from muscle glucose uptake in adipose cell ↓ Glucocorticoids Function Cushing’s syndrome Cushing’s syndrome Buffalo-like torso Rounded face, “moon-face”. Glucocorticoids Function Resisting Trauma stress , infection, intense heat or cold, surgery Resisting stress stressor Brain Anterior pituitary (ACTH) Sympathetic nervous system Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Glucocorticoids NE,E Glucocorticoids Function Glucocorticoids Function Summary of glucocoticoid action Gs Hepatic gluconeogenesis↑ Insulin action↓ BG ↑ Glucocoticoid↑→ Adrenal diabetes Protein Catabolism ↑ (especially in muscle) anabolism ↓ Amino acid in blood plasma difficult of wound healing Fat Fat mobilization ↑ Fat redistribution acetone body ↑ H2O and Na+ Similar with aldosterone ADH ↓ GFR ↑ (1/400 of aldosterone) Glucocoticoid↑→ central obesity Cushing’s syndrome Glucocoticoid↓→ Water Intoxication hematopoiesis↑ lymphopoiesis↓ lung and spleen eosinophil storage↑ Gastric gastric acid and peptic enzyme ↑ shield gastric mucosa↓fall off of gastric epithelia cell Blood cell Circula permisivienesss t-ion CNS excitability↑ RBC↑TBC↑ lymphocyte↓ neutrophil↑ eosinophil ↓ ulcer ↑ glucocoticoid↓→BP↓ less→euphoria more→restlessness, insomnia Leukemia Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone Hypothalamus – Anterior Pituitary – Adrenocortical Axis Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone Action of CRH Synthesis and release of ACTH Action of ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone ) control Cortisol secretion hypertrophy and proliferation of the adrenocorticol cells Large amount administration of exogenous glucocoticoid , prohibit to stop using it suddently ? Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone Regulation of cortisol Secretion Negative feedback effect of cortisol Diseases of Adrenal Glands Cushing’s Disease Hyper-active adrenal cortex rounded face & obesity Thin, frail skin poor wound healing Addison’s Disease Hypo-active adrenal cortex Decreased appetite, weight loss Cold intolerance Stress susceptibility The adrenal medulla The adrenal medulla The adrenal medulla The adrenal medulla Insulin Insulin Small 51 protein AA Receptor Tyrosine kinase Insulin Insulin acetoacetic acid is also converted into b-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone. ketone bodies: Acetoacetic, b-hydroxybutyric acid ,acetone Insulin Insulin Glucagon Endocrine regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Polypeptide Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Funtion : increase the calcium concentration Bone Stimulate osteoclast to remove Ca 2+ from the bone matrix Kidney: Increased Ca2+ reabsorption, PO42- excretion Increased Ca2+ reabsorption Small intestine Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Calcitonin Produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland. Function plasma Ca 2+ and PO42-↓ Regulation Concentration increased. of Ca 2+ increased ,The calcitonin Vitamin D3 Function calcium and phosphate absorption. ↓renal calcium and phosphate excretion. Coordinate with PTH increase Ca 2+ . ↑intestinal Summary Summary
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