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Unit XV: Support and Locomotion This unit will make you move! Locomotion is the ability to move from one place to another by the organisms own means. __________ organisms are capable of locomotion ________ organisms are not capable of locomotion A. Adaptations for Locomotion 1. Advantages of Locomotion a) _____________________________________ b) _____________________________________ c) _____________________________________ d) _____________________________________ *Use _______________ for locomotion = proteins that can change their length Actin and Myosin 2. Muscles and Skeletons - _______________________, _______________________ __________________________ a) Exoskeletons vs. Endoskeletons - ____________ – __________________, made of “chitin”, to grow organisms must molt – shed their shell - ____________ – inside the body, does not protect as well, made of bone and cartilage 3. Locomotion in Protists 4. Locomotion in the Hydra a) ____________ – used by - glide by making amoeba - projections of the pseudopods in the cells of cell membrane and its foot cytoplasm - contracting fibers – inch b) ____________________ along using its tentacles, tumble - float using an air bubble 5. Locomotion in the Earthworm - _________________________________: (1) ____________ (outer) - (2) ________________ (inner) - circular contract – worm gets longer - setae anchor the worm into the soil - longitudinal contract – worm gets shorter (pulls up the back) 6. Locomotion in the Grasshopper - uses muscle tissue to move legs and wings - ____________________________________________ - 3 pairs of jointed legs attached to the thorax (middle body section) B. The Human Musculoskeletal System 1. Bones a) Structure: ___________________________________ made of: 1) living bone cells – _________________________ __________________ – bone builders _______________________ – bone destroyers arranged in Haversian Canals 2) connective tissue – ______________________ 3) inorganic compounds – _____________________ b) Function: - site of ____________________ and act as levers - _____ and ________ to the body - ____________ of internal organs - ______________ and ________ - site of _____________________ 2. Muscles - 3 types of muscle: _____________, _______, and ______ - muscle fibers – __________________________________ - Skeletal muscles used for locomotion – muscles can only _______________ _______________ – __________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 3. Cartilage - flexible material ______________, but without the vascular tissue - makes up ______________________________________, etc. - _______________________________________________ - _______________________________________________ 4. Joints - a point in the skeleton where two bones meet - usually there are also muscles, tendons, and ligaments to allow for movement a) ____________ = Suture skull b) ________________ ___________________ c) _____________________ ______________________ d) ____________________ ___________________ e) __________________ ________________ 5. Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal Muscular System a) ________________ - ________________ - pain, swelling, bruising, hematoma - go to the hospital to set and cast the bones b) Sprains - ________________________________________ c) Arthritis - ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ - Osteoarthritis – cartilage around the joint wears down - Rheumatoid Arthritis - autoimmune disease – immune system attacks the joints d) Tendonitis - inflammation of a ______________ - causes pain and stiffness in the joints - “_______________”, carpal tunnel e) Hernia - a _______________________________ that keeps your organs in place - usually causes “strange” bulges and bumps