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Genes and Behaviour Process Environmental Regulatory genes Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes Enzyme production Enzymes Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes Enzyme production Enzymes Regulated biochemical reactions Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Physical (e.g. temp) Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes Enzyme production Enzymes Regulated biochemical reactions Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Physical (e.g. temp) Cell metabolism Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes Enzyme production Enzymes Regulated biochemical reactions Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Physical (e.g. temp) Cell metabolism Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Development of nervous, skeletal & endocrine systems Environmental influences (e.g. visual input for the development of the CNS) Physiological mechanisms Process Environmental Regulatory genes Environmental influences turn genes on and off Structural Genes Enzyme production Enzymes Regulated biochemical reactions Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Physical (e.g. temp) Cell metabolism Carbohydrates, fats & proteins Development of nervous, skeletal & endocrine systems Environmental influences (e.g. visual input for the development of the CNS) Physiological mechanisms Sensory perception, CNS processing, Motor generation Environmental influences(e.g. social environment) BEHAVIOUR INHERITANCE OF SONG PATTERNS IN CRICKETS (BENTLEY, 1971) Teleogryllus commodus Teleogryllus oceanicus X X X F1 hybrid T. commodus x F1 backcross T. oceanicus x F1 backcross Quantitative Genetics 1 allele 2 alleles X alleles For any trait: Total variance = genetic variance + environmental variance Or VT = VG + VE V G Heritability = VG + VE Foulbrood in Honeybees Under the control of two alleles Foulbrood in Honeybees Under the control of two alleles u - for uncapping Hygenic r - removal U - no uncapping R - no removal Female (uurr) X Male (UR) All females - non-hygenic (UuRr) Non- hygenic Foulbrood in Honeybees Now do various backcrosses F1 females to males Genotype U_R_ No uncapping * u_r_ No removal Removal * * u_R_ U_r_ Uncapping * * * * * Artificial Selection - Drosophila geotaxis Selection of positively and negatively geotactic Drosophila Artificial selection - mating speed in Drosophila Fast maters Control First half of maters Slow maters Second half of maters Repeat for 25 generations Got three distinct lines Fast - 3 mins Control - 5 mins Slow - 80 mins Hybridization Experiments - Lovebirds Peach-faced Fischer’s Hybridization experiments - Sokolowski Sitter Rover P1 Sitter Rover Path length Path length Sitter Rover Path length F1 x F1 Sitter Rover Path length E. Parent Offspring Regression Activity scores with Drosophila • • Offspring • • • • • • • • • Slope = heritability • • • Mid-parent score (P1 + P2) 2 F. Comparative approach - Temperature selection in Peromyscus Preferred Temperature (Adults) -5 0 5 10 15 Dunce and rutabaga genes - Drosophila ATP cAMP Adenylyl cyclase cAMP phosphodiesterase Binds and activates PKA activates CREB Turns on genes that cause changes in structure and function of nerve cells that govern memory What about genes that affect larger collections of behavioural acts? fosB gene in mice Brown et al. 1996. A defect in nurturing in mice lacking the immediate early gene fosB. Cell 86: 297 - 309
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