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CHAPTER 2 The Cultural Context . A Contextual Model of Intercultural Communication . Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 6e. © SAGE Publications, 2015. . Individualism • Valuing personal independence – personal responsibility – freedom of choice – personal autonomy – achieving self-fulfillment • Promoting the self – talent and potential in each person – pursuit and development of abilities . Collectivism • Groups bind and mutually obligate individuals – a sense of duty to group – interdependence to others – harmony – working with the group – subordinating personal goals for the sake of preserving the ingroup • people are not seen as isolated individuals but as interdependent with others . Individualism—Collectivism • How do individuals perceive themselves? – “I am distinct and unique.” – “I am a member of a family.” • How do individuals relate to others? – “What do I gain?” – “How will this affect others?” • What goals do they follow? – “I want to win.” – “I am a team player to help the group win.” • What drives their behavior? – “It is my right to do this.” – “My duty is to my group.” . Behavioral Traits Associated With Individualism and Collectivism . Levels of the Continuum Cultural Level= Individualism—Collectivism Psychological Level= Idiocentrism—Allocentrism . Vertical and Horizontal Cultural Orientations • • • • . Horizontal individualism Vertical individualism Horizontal collectivism Vertical collectivism The Pancultural Self • The idea that the individual self is pancultural • i.e., the individual self is more fundamental to self-definition than the collective self across all cultures • Motivation to achieve positive self-regard . High-Context—Low-Context • Restricted code • Silence is valued • Indirect, implicit messages • Examples: China, Vietnam, and many African cultures. . • Elaborated code • Silence is uncomfortable • Direct, explicit messages • Examples: the U.S., Switzerland, and France Value Orientations •Values affect intercultural communication •Like culture, values are learned •A universal structure to values •Condon and Yousef’s six dominant themes: •self •family, •society •human nature •nature •the supernatural . Power Distance “the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.” –Hofstede . Uncertainty Avoidance—the degree to which the members of a particular culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations. .
