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Chapter 5 Visuals
Fig. 5-2a
HO
1
2
3
H
Short polymer
HO
Unlinked monomer
Dehydration removes a water
molecule, forming a new bond
HO
1
2
H
3
H2O
4
H
Longer polymer
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Fig. 5-2b
HO
1
2
3
4
Hydrolysis adds a water
molecule, breaking a bond
HO
1
2
3
(b) Hydrolysis of a polymer
H
H
H2O
HO
H
Fig. 5-5
1–4
glycosidic
linkage
Glucose
Glucose
Maltose
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
1–2
glycosidic
linkage
Glucose
Fructose
(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
Sucrose
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLN
hMtM
Cellulose
Fig. 5-10
Chitin
(a) The structure
of the chitin
monomer.
(b) Chitin forms the
exoskeleton of
arthropods.
(c) Chitin is used to make
a strong and flexible
surgical thread.
Fig. 5-11a
Fatty acid
(palmitic acid)
Glycerol
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat
Fig. 5-11b
Ester linkage
(b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)
Fig. 5-12
Structural
formula of a
saturated fat
molecule
Stearic acid, a
saturated fatty
acid
(a) Saturated fat
Structural formula
of an unsaturated
fat molecule
Oleic acid, an
unsaturated
fatty acid
(b) Unsaturated fat
cis double
bond causes
bending
Hydrophobic tails
Hydrophilic head
Fig. 5-13
(a) Structural formula
Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tails
(b) Space-filling model
(c) Phospholipid symbol
Fig. 5-14
Hydrophilic
head
Hydrophobic
tail
WATER
WATER
Table 5-1
Fig. 5-16
Substrate
(sucrose)
Glucose
OH
Fructose
HO
Enzyme
(sucrase)
H2O
Fig. 5-UN1
carbon
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
Fig. 5-17
Nonpolar
Glycine
(Gly or G)
Valine
(Val or V)
Alanine
(Ala or A)
Methionine
(Met or M)
Leucine
(Leu or L)
Trypotphan
(Trp or W)
Phenylalanine
(Phe or F)
Isoleucine
(Ile or I)
Proline
(Pro or P)
Polar
Serine
(Ser or S)
Threonine
(Thr or T)
Cysteine
(Cys or C)
Tyrosine
(Tyr or Y)
Asparagine Glutamine
(Asn or N) (Gln or Q)
Electrically
charged
Acidic
Aspartic acid Glutamic acid
(Glu or E)
(Asp or D)
Basic
Lysine
(Lys or K)
Arginine
(Arg or R)
Histidine
(His or H)
Fig. 5-18
Peptide
bond
(a)
Side chains
Peptide
bond
Backbone
(b)
Amino end
(N-terminus)
Carboxyl end
(C-terminus)
• The sequence of amino
acids determines a
protein’s threedimensional structure
• A protein’s structure
determines its function
Fig. 5-21a
Primary Structure
1
+H
5
3N
Amino end
10
Amino acid
subunits
15
20
25
Fig. 5-21c
Secondary Structure
pleated sheet
Examples of
amino acid
subunits
helix
Fig. 5-21f
Hydrophobic
interactions and
van der Waals
interactions
Polypeptide
backbone
Hydrogen
bond
Disulfide bridge
Ionic bond
Fig. 5-21g
Polypeptide
chain
Chains
Iron
Heme
Chains
Hemoglobin
Collagen
Fig. 5-26-1
DNA
1 Synthesis of
mRNA in the
nucleus
mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
Fig. 5-26-2
DNA
1 Synthesis of
mRNA in the
nucleus
mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
mRNA
2 Movement of
mRNA into cytoplasm
via nuclear pore
Fig. 5-26-3
DNA
1 Synthesis of
mRNA in the
nucleus
mRNA
NUCLEUS
CYTOPLASM
mRNA
2 Movement of
mRNA into cytoplasm
via nuclear pore
Ribosome
3 Synthesis
of protein
Polypeptide
Amino
acids
Fig. 5-27
5
end
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
5 C
3 C
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA)
Purines
Phosphate
group
5 C
Sugar
(pentose)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
(b) Nucleotide
3 C
Sugars
3
end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Ribose (in RNA)
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars
Fig. 5-28
5' end
3' end
Sugar-phosphate
backbones
Base pair (joined by
hydrogen bonding)
Old strands
Nucleotide
about to be
added to a
new strand
3' end
5' end
New
strands
5' end
3' end
5' end
3' end