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Transcript
Adaptations & Evidence for Evolution: Darwin proposed that over long periods of time, natural selection produces organisms that look different from their ancestors. Darwin’s theory that all living things share an ancestor is known as descent with modification. Many different scientific discoveries and types of evidence have supported Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. 1 1. Fossil Evidence: Fossils are the remains or traces of organisms that once lived. Fossils show us that life went from simple to complex, moved from sea to land, and existed over 3 billions years ago. Many found in sedimentary rock, which is formed from layers of slowly deposited sediments. There are two ways to date fossils: A. Relative Dating: dating based on the observation that Fossils in the bottom= oldest, top = youngest B. Absolute Dating: using radioactive isotopes to determine the exact age of a fossil. 2 2. Comparative Anatomy: comparing anatomical (body or structural) features between organisms, looking for evolutionary relationships Homologous structures: have similar structure but different function. Organisms with similar bone structures may have evolved from a common ancestor. For example, the wing of a bat, the flipper of a whale, and a human arm are homologous structures because they have a very similar structure but perform different functions! 3 Vestigial structures: have NO function in present day organism, but was probably useful in its ancestor. Examples include the human appendix and the leg bones of a whale. These structures provide further evidence of changing structure and function. 3. Comparative Biochemistry: comparing DNA sequences between 2 different species Can use a DNA fingerprint! 4. Comparative Embryology: looking for similarities during the early stages of embryo development _______ ________ _______ _______ 4 5 Examples of Evolution Evolution of the Horse The ancient ancestor of the horse was the size of a fox. It had four toes on its front feet. As time passed, some of the toes disappeared and the horse grew bigger. The modern horse is one-toed. Evolution of the Elephant The ancestor of the present day elephant was about the size of a pig and no tusks. Over time, the size of the elephant’s body and head increased tremendously. The early trunk was much shorter than the trunk of today’s elephant. 6 Structural Adaptations: Form and Function 1. Feeding Adaptations Characteristic Giraffe’s long neck Finches beaks Hummingbird beak Used… To reach tall branches Fitted for specific foods Fits deep down into flowers 2. Adaptations to ensure successful reproduction Characteristic Lion Mane Songs, calls Bright colors Large canines (teeth) Used to attract mate Sign of health, power Insects, bird: specific calls for specific species Birds, flowers (attract pollinators), mammals Sign of strength, protection 3. Adaptation to life on land Organism Frog Vascular plants Mammals Fish Reptiles Characteristic Evolved lungs as it moves onto land as an adult Roots, stems, vascular tissue to transport H2O Fur Fins Feet