Download occupational segregation

SOC101Y
Introduction to Sociology
Professor Adam Green
Lecture #11
Gender Inequality
9 Jan 13
GENDER INEQUALITY in the
LABOUR MARKET
Inequalities in the labour market can take a
number of forms:
1. Disparities in wages by sex
2. Vertical occupational segregation
3. Horizontal occupational segregation
Ratio of female to male earnings
Ratio of Female to Male Earnings, by
Marital Status, Canada, 1976-2008
Never-married
All
Married
1976
1992
2008
Year
Note: At the 1976-2008 rate of improvement, women’s earnings will equal
men’s earnings in 2088.
2 Short Films
http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/soc
101y/brym/movies.html
THEORIES OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN
THE LABOUR MARKET
1.
2.
3.
4.

OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION
HUMAN CAPITAL DIFFERENCES
SOCIAL CAPITAL DIFFERENCES
STATISTICAL DISCRIMINATION/SEXISM
OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION
1. Internal Labour Markets / Short
promotion ladders
2. Horizontal Occupational Segregation
/ Incomparable Worth
HUMAN CAPITAL
A composite measure of a worker’s:
a) Commitment to the job
b) Educational attainment
c) Job experience
PENALTIES TO HUMAN CAPITAL
FOR WOMEN
1.
2.
3.
4.
Career disruptions owing to pregnancy
Child & elderly care
Domestic labour
Non-standard work
Percentage of Men and Women in Paid
Labour Force
Male-Female Difference,
Rich Countries, 2008
Canada, 1946-2010
Percentage
Men
Women
1946
2010
Paid and Unpaid Work, Men and Women,
25-54 yrs., Canada, 1985 and 2005
Hours per day
 Men’s paid up 12 mins/day
 Men’s unpaid up 24 mins/day
 Women’s paid up 66 mins/day
 Women’s unpaid down 30
mins/day
 Men’s total up 36 min/day
Public Spending on Family Benefits,
2005 (cash, services and family tax
breaks as percent of GDP)
Percent
Percent of children between the ages of 0 and 12
for whom there is a regulated child care space
Child Care in Canada, by Province,
2007-08
Province (government child care spending per child in parentheses)
SHORT FILM:
Statistical Discrimination
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGc0Ko
udrEA
Women in National Parliaments,
2009, in percent (n=147)
Women
as
percent
of total
USA
71st
@ 16.8%
World mean
@ 18.6%
Canada
47th @ 22.1%
Women in Canadian Political Parties,
1992 (in percent)
Percent
Function