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1 Faculty …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Subdepartment ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… YEARLY PROJECT EXPLANATORY NOTE Digital divider with switchable coefficient of division (topic of the project) Bases of electrical circuits (subject) Project manager ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (groop, signature, date, surname,name) Student …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. (groop, signature, date, surname,name) Kharkiv 2011 2 TASK 1. TTL TTL-sh description integrated series and give symbols of main chips 2. Characteristics and parameters of TTL TTL-sh 3. Analise an give analogs of Soviet and foreign integral series, give main types of microschemes 4. Designing of coplex cirquits for CT, RG MUX 5. Designing of digital divider with switchable coefficient of division 3 CONTAINING CHAPTER 1 TTL chips series ……………………………………………. (5 - 29) CHAPTER 2 Chips Raman-type low degree of integration………………...(20-25) CHAPTER 3 Chips such as sequential type…………………………………( 26-37) CHAPTER 4 Multiplexers…………………………………………………..( 38-40) CHAPTER 5 Description the device for formation of any pulse sequences..(41-47) 4 FOREWORD. The widespread radio work associated with introduction the of digital emergence of technology integrated in amateur circuits. Digital devices, raised on discrete transistors and diodes, have considerable size and weight, reliably worked for a large number of elements, and especially of solder joints. Integrated circuits, containing in its composition tens, hundreds, thousands, and in recent years, many hundreds of thousands and even millions of components, have allowed a new approach to designing and manufacturing digital devices. The reliability of a single chip is only slightly dependent on the number of elements and is close to the reliability of a single transistor, and the power consumption in terms of individual component decreases sharply with increasing degree of integration. 5 1. TTL chips series 1. Overview To build automation and computer technology are widely used digital Kseries chips 155, which are made by the standard technology of bipolar chip transistor-transistor logic (TTL).There are over 100 kinds of chips to a series of 155. For all its advantages - high speed, wide range, good noise immunity - these chips have a high power consumption. So they replaced the chip produced a series of K555, the fundamental difference between them - the use of transistors with the collector junction, shunted Schottky diodes. As a result, transistors, ICs K555 series are not in saturation, which significantly reduces the delay off transistors. In addition, they are much smaller, which reduces the capacity of p-n-junctions. As a result, while maintaining performance chip series K555 K155 series at the level it was possible to reduce the power consumption of approximately 4 ... 5 times. Further development of the series TTL chips - chip design series KR1533. The main operational difference between them from a series of schemes K555 - 1.5 ... 2 times less power consumption while maintaining and improving performance. The average propagation delay element chip series K155, K555, KR1533 about 15 ... 20 ns. In cases that require higher performance, use circuits series KR531. For comparison, the main parameters in Table. 1 shows the values of the average power consumption of PCP and the average delay spread tz.sr TTL circuits the series, as well as the standard values of the input and output Iout Iin current and load-carrying capacity of these N series chips. Some devices allow large output currents and have a greater load capacity than specified in the Table. 1. Part of the chips (especially the series KR531) are also different from the standard input currents. These differences are specifically listed below. Standard output levels of the log. An average 2.4 ... 2.7 V, log. 0 -0.36 ... 0.5 6 V. Chips manufactured in plastic housings with 8, 14, 16, 20, 24, 28-pin, the temperature range of their performance: -10 ... +70 ° C. Part of the chip series K155 and K555 are produced in ceramic packages (their designation KM155 KM555 and), the temperature range of performance of such chips -45 ... +85 ° C. In Fig. Figure 1 shows the output voltage from the input to the inverting logic elements mentioned series of chips at a temperature of 20 C. As for the switching threshold receives an input voltage at which the output is equal to it, it is easy to find on these dependences as a point of intersection with VOUT = Vin. The figure shows that the chips have the greatest series KR1533 switching threshold - 1.52 V and, consequently, the highest noise immunity. This series are composed of the same type of chips with the same number after a series of alphanumeric symbols. The logic of the same type of chips, with rare exception, noted below, the same. KR531 series chips that had previously been in the designation letter "P", and had a notation at the end of the letter <<P>>, for example K531LAZP. In Table.Figure 2 shows the designation of most of these chips, functionality, pin number of the case, the average power consumption, the average propagation delay and the figure number, which provides a graphic symbol of the chip. In the functional purpose of the letters mean: OK - devices have open collector output, MA - open emitter, Z - outputs may be converted into a high impedance state. In developing the schematics of devices the question always arises: what to do with unused inputs, integrated circuits. If the logic of the input must submit a log. 0, then it is connected to ground, if the log. 1 - possible options. First, the unused inputs can be chip series K155 will not connect, that is to fluster the minimum contact area to which the (important) is not connected to any wires. But this is somewhat reduced speed circuits. For series K555 microcircuits, KR531, KR1533 leave unconnected inputs are not allowed. Second, it is possible to connect unused inputs to the inputs used by the same element, but it increases the load on the chip, the signal source, which also reduces performance. 7 Third, you can connect the unused inputs chip series K155 and KR531 to the output inverting element whose inputs at the same time you need to connect to ground. Finally, we can combine the unused inputs of these series circuits and connect them to a power source +5 V through resistor 1 k (up to 20 inputs to a single resistor). Inputs chip series K555 and KR1533 can be connected to a power source +5 V directly. It is unacceptable to connect to the input circuit conductor that is at work may not be unconnected to the output of the signal source, such as the management of a button or switch, as it dramatically reduces the noise immunity of the device. These wires must be connected to a source of +5 V through resistor 1 k (up to 20 inputs to a single resistor).Inputs chip series K555 and KR1533 can be connected to a power source +5 V directly. On printed circuit boards using the chip series K155, K555, KR1533, you must install blocking capacitors between +5 V and-chain to ground. Their number is determined by one or two capacitors 0.033 ... 0.15 mV for every five chips. Capacitors should be placed on the board evenly as possible. They should also be set close to all the chips with power output (eg, K155LA6) or with a power consumption of more than 0.5 Watts. KR531 series chips require special attention when wiring circuit and the common wire. In the manufacture of industrial devices on chips that use a series of multilayer printed circuit boards, one of the layers are used as the common wire, the other - as a power bus. If you use a dual-layer boards, power bus and perform common wire mounted in a brass band width of about 5 mm, ceramic bypass capacitors capacity of 0.047 microfarad ... 0.15 fluster directly to these buses (one capacitor for one or two chips). In amateur conditions can be one side of the PCB using a common wire, the other - under the signal lines and a power cord, of course, this will have to install a lot of jumpers and each chip decoupling capacitor. As a rule, the power supply circuits lead to the conclusion with the maximum number, the total wire - to the conclusion that half the room. 8 The cases are exceptions to this rule are given in Table. 3.Series K555 microcircuits and KR1533 can be used instead of similar to 155 series chipset, and with them, it should be borne in mind that their load-carrying capacity on chip series K155 is 5. KR531 series chips should be used only in case of need high performance, since they create a large noise level, which are particularly sensitive K555 series chips, and consumes more power. Digital circuits on the functions are divided into two great classes - combinational and sequential. The first are chips that do not have internal memory (state of the outputs of these chips is uniquely determined by the levels of input signals at a given time). The second - chip output status is determined not only the levels of input signals at a given time, but the sequence of states in recent times due to the presence of internal memory. For combinational logic circuits are simple AND-NOT, AND-OR-NOT, NOT, NOR, AND, OR, more complex elements - decoders, multiplexers, adders modulo 2, full adders, code converters for sevensegment and dot matrix indicators encoders, programmable read-only memories, converters binary-coded decimal to binary and back, unidirectional and bidirectional buffer elements, majority valves, Schmitt trigger, which, however, have an internal memory and can be applied to sequential circuits, as well as some others. For sequential circuits are flip-flops, counters, shift registers, random access memory and other chips. Single shot can not be assigned unambiguously to either of these classes as well as the internal memory of the chip remembers the change of input signals for a limited time, after which the status of the outputs IC may not depend on anything. The same applies to the generator circuits. 9 Picture 1.1 Dependence of the output voltage from the input to inverter series TTL. Table 1.1 Temperature range of performance chips. 10 Table 1.2 Identification and specification of TTL microschemes. 11 Continuation of Table 1.2 12 Continuation of Table 1.2 13 Continuation of Table 1.2 14 Continuation of Table 1.2 15 Continuation of Table 1.2 16 Continuation of Table 1.2 17 Continuation of Table 1.2 18 Continuation of Table 1.2 19 Continuation of Table 1.2 Table 1.3 TTL chips power pins 20 2. Chips Raman-type low degree of integration There are many types of chips TTL low level of integration, which differ in functionality, load capacity, the output stage circuit. The work of the logical elements of these circuits is quite simple. For the elements and the output level of the log. 1 is formed by applying to all levels of the element input log. 1 for an item or to create a log level. 1 at the output is sufficient supply for at least one entrylevel log. 1. NAND (the main element NOR extrainverted output signal, an of the series AND-OR-NOT consists elements and whose outputs are connected to the input of the NOR. Picture 2.1 Buffer circuits TTL) and the of several 21 Picture 2.2 K555AP4 chip as a bidirectional buffer Picture 2.3 Schmitt triggers Picture 2.4 Pulse shaper for initial setup and the pulse generator to trigger the Schmidt 22 Picture 2.5 Chips 2AND-NOT 23 Picture 2.6 NOR chips Picture 2.7 Chips AND 24 Picture 2.8 Chips OR Picture 2.9 Chips NOT 25 Picture 2.10 Chips AND-OR-NOT and AND-OR-expanders 26 3. Chips such as sequential type. Chips sequential type, as already mentioned,are characterized by memory. Record information in the memory of these chips orchange information contained therein is pulses.Inputs chips for pulsing the records can bestatic or dynamic. Static inputs are characterized by the momentum, filed for this entry is valid for as long as it is filed. As a rule, ittriggers a reset input, counters and registers, inputs, preset gating. 3.1 Triggers ( маленькими) The basis of sequential digital patterns aredifferent types of triggers that can be usedindependently or as part of the counters, registers, etc. Triggers TTL chips differ in theirabilities. The so-called JK-flip-flops and DTM2can work in the counting mode, ie change its state to the contrary on every pulse arriving at the inverting input trigger. Triggers other chipsmay work only in the storage of information,write to them at the time of the clock. In Fig. 16 shows the graphical notation described further triggers. 27 Picture 3.1 Triggers Picture 3.2 Suppressor bounce on a chipK155TR2 28 3.2. Counters The structure of the considered series TTL chips, includes a large number of counters and frequency dividers, which differ in their properties. Picture 3.3 Microcircuit К155ИЕ1 Picture 3.4 Microcircuits К155ИЕ2, К155ИЕ4, К155ИЕ5 29 Picture 3.5 Frequency divider over 10 and the chip K155IE4diagram of his work Picture 3.6 Microcircuits ИЕ6 and ИЕ7 Picture 3.7Microcircuit К155ИЕ8 30 Picture 3.8 Microcircuit ИЕ9 Picture 3.9 Divider with division ratiocontrolled Picture 3.10 Microcircuits ИЕ10 and ИЕ11 31 Picture 3.11Microcircuits КР1533ИЕ12 and КР1533ИЕ13 Picture 3.12 Microcircuits ИЕ14 and ИЕ15 Picture 3.14 Microcircuits ИЕ16 and ИЕ17 32 3.3 Registers. The registers can be divided into two classes - the shifting and storing information. In turn, storage registers are "transparent", clocked and synchronous, clocked edge of the pulse. Picture 3.15 Microcircuits ТМ5 and ТМ7 Picture 3.16Microcircuits ТМ8 and ТМ9 pulse 33 Picture 3.17 Chips of shift registers Picture 3.18 Microcircuit КР531ИР12 Picture 3.19Microcircuits КР531ИР18 and КР531ИР19 34 Picture 3.20 Microcircuits ИР22 and ИР23 Picture 3.21 Microcircuits КР1533ИР34 and КР1533ИР38 35 Picture 3.22: Microcircuit К555ИР35 3.4 Decoders and Encoders Of the chips in the development of the Raman-type devices are widely used digital decoders, their range is quite varied. Picture 3.23 Connection of two chips ИВ1 36 Picture 3.24 Microcircuit ИД3 Picture 3.25 Microcircuit ИД4 and ИД5 Picture 3.26 Decoder on 8 outputs with gated 37 Picture 3.27 Decoder on 16 outputs 38 4 Multiplexers. Widely used in digital devices are integrated circuits multiplexers used to switch binary signals. Picture 4.1 Chip multiplexers 39 Picture 4.2 Scheme of connection of two deviders K155IE8 Picture 4.3 Counter with the possibility of a shift in the direction of senior level 40 Picture 4.4 Connection of chips К531ИР12 Picture 4.5 IE16 in connection chip counter for maximum performance 41