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Classification Applications Definition Physics Computer Science Transducer EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Finite State 2 Classification Applications Definition Physics Computer Science Transducer EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation Finite State 3 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 4 Force Flow Humidity Level Examples of sensor Selected sensor picture Sensor characteristics Motion Applications Sensor operation circuitry Sensor-DAQ connection Position Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 5 GND – 01 AI0 – 02 AI4 – 03 GND – 04 AI1 – 05 AI5 – 06 GND – 07 AI2 – 08 AI6 – 09 GND – 10 AI3 – 11 AI7 – 12 GND – 13 AO0 – 14 AO1 – 15 GND – 16 ANALOG DIGITAL -8 analog inputs-2 analog outputs-12 digital I/O-32-bit counter- EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 32 – GND 31 – +5V 30 – +2.5V 29 – PFI0 28 – P1.3 27 – P1.2 26 – P1.1 25 – P1.0 24 – P0.7 23 – P0.6 22 – P0.5 21 – P0.4 20 – P0.3 19 – P0.2 18 – P0.1 17 – P0.0 6 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 7 Switches RTD Temperature Infrared Thermocouple Thermistor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 8 RTD –Resistance Temperature Detector Common Resistance Materials for RTDs: •Platinum (most popular and accurate) •Nickel •Copper •Balco (rare) •Tungsten (rare) EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 9 Characteristic of Sensor • Resistance Temperature Detectors or RTDs for short, are wire wound and thin film devices • measure temperature because of the physical principle of the positive temperature coefficient of electrical resistance of metals. •The hotter they become, the larger or higher the value of their electrical resistance. EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 10 Characteristic of Sensor • RTD’s are generally more expensive to manufacture or purchase than thermocouples. ♦ Since the RTD circuit is just a resistance circuit, no special extension leadwires or connectors are required making this portion of the circuit less expensive than that of a thermocouple. ♦ Although some types of RTD elements are rated to fairly high temperatures (650°C (1202°F)), they become quite fragile at temperatures above 320°C (600°F). A RTD sensor will not hold up well at these elevated temperatures if there is any vibration present. ♦ The tolerance or accuracy of an RTD generally decreases as temperature increases. EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 11 Circuit of Sensor RTD EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 12 Connection to NI DAQ TO ANALOG INPUT OF DAQ EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 13 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 14 PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS Shock Sensor Vibration Accelerometer Triaxial Sensors Handprobes EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 15 Piezoelectric Sensors EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 16 Characteristic of Sensor The rugged, solid-state construction of industrial piezoelectric sensors enables them to operate under most harsh environmental conditions. They are unaffected by dirt, oil, and most chemical atmospheres. They perform well over a wide temperature range and resist damage due to severe shocks and vibrations. Most piezoelectric sensors used in vibration monitoring today contain internal amplifiers. The piezoelectric element in the sensor produces a signal proportional to acceleration. This small acceleration signal can be amplified for acceleration measurements or converted (electronically integrated) within the sensor into a velocity or displacement signal. The piezoelectric velocity sensor is more rugged than a coil and magnet sensor, has a wider frequency range, and can perform accurate phase measurements. EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 17 Circuit of Sensor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 18 Connection to NI DAQ DAQ ANALOG INPUT EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 19 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 20 MEMS mass-flow sensors Mass Air Flow Sensor Flow Ultrasonic Flow meter Turbine Flow sensor Gas Flow Sensor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 21 Mass Air Flow(MAF) The Mass Air Flow(MAF) Sensor converts the amount of air drawn into the engine into a voltage signal. EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 22 Characteristic of Sensor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 23 Circuit of Sensor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 24 Connection to NI DAQ DAQ ANALOG INPUT EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 25 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 26 Load Cell Force Sensor Piezoforce sensor Force Magento elastic Elastic element Hydrolic Load cell EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 27 Hydrolic Load Cell Sensor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 28 Characteristic of Sensor The hydraulic load cellis a device filled with a liquid (usually oil) which has a pre-load pressure. Application of the force to the loading member increases the fluid pressure which is measured by a pressure transducer or displayed on a pressure gauge dial via a Bourdon tube EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 29 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 30 Resistive Humidity Sensor Capacitive Humidity sensor Humidity Thermal conductivity humidity sensor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 31 Resistive humidity Sensor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 32 Characteristic of Sensor the change in electrical resistance of a material due to humidity is measured.[1] Typical materials are salts and conductive polymers. Resistive sensors are less sensitive than capacitive sensors - the change in material properties is less, so they require more complex circuitry. The material properties also tend to depend both on humidity and temperature, which means in practice that the sensor must be combined with a temperature sensor. The accuracy and robustness against condensation vary depending on the chosen resistive material. Robust, condensation-resistant sensors exist with an accuracy of up to ±3% RH. EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 33 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 34 Ultrasonic Level Sensor Optical Level Resistive Chain Microwave Magneto resisitive EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 35 Optical level Sensor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 36 Characteristic of Sensor Optical sensors are used for point level sensing of sediments, liquids with suspended solids, and liquid-liquid interfaces. These sensors sense the decrease or change in transmission of infrared light emitted from an infrared diode (LED). With the proper choice of construction materials and mounting location, these sensors can be used with aqueous, organic, and corrosive liquids. EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 37 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 38 Infrared Laser Motion Acoustic (sound) CCD Vibration EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 39 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 40 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 41 Bourdon tube Bellows Pressure x Solid State Pressure Sensor Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 42 Piezoresistive Sensor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 43 Characteristic of Sensor In piezoresistive sensors, pressure changes the resistance by mechanically deforming the sensor, enabling the resistors in a bridge circuit, for example, to detect pressure as a proportional differential voltage across the bridge. Conventional resistive pressure measurement devices include film resistors, strain gauges, metal alloys, and polycrystalline semiconductors EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 44 Circuit of Sensor EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 45 Connection to NI DAQ DAQ ANALOG INPUT EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 46 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 47 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 48 Force Flow Humidity Level Vibration Motion Applications Temperature Position Speed Pressure Proximity EKT314/4 - Electronic Instrumentation 49
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