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Grammar Unit 1 Basic Patterns Simple subject and predicates Subject=doer of sentence Predicate=verb; the act of the doer Examples: Mary sang at our concert. – Find subject and predicate Mary is the subject Sang is the predicate Simple S&P cont… Simple Subject=the doer with no phrases or modifiers—just the noun(s) Simple predicate=the verb with no modifiers Example: A plate of cookies enticed him to eat. Example: Joe played in the park. Compound subjects and predicates A sentence can have more than one subject and more than one predicate Example: John and his friend went to the game. Example: Bob stood in the aisle and spoke loudly. Commands In commands, the subject of the sentence is usually understood. Example: Wash the dishes. You wash the dishes. Example: Stop and listen. You stop and listen. Practice Find the simple subject and simple predicate. – Pete and Jim skated all weekend. – Jerry walked to the Oaks Mall. – Come in from the rain. – Her mother left in anger. – Jim spoke clearly and forcefully. – Jane writes well. First Basic Pattern: Subject, Intransitive Verb Intransitive Verb: A verb that is complete in itself. Does not need another word to complete its meaning. Example: John jumped into the water. John jumped is a complete sentence. Jump is an intransitive verb. Example: Beth ran in the marathon last month. Modifiers Verbs can have modifiers—Adverbs – A verb or phrase that modifies the verb answers the questions how, when, where, why, or how much (to what extent) Example: Jack left later. Example: I jumped on my bed. Practice Identify the word or phrase that modifies the verb and identify the simple subject and predicate. – My fountain pen writes better every day. – The leaf drifted slowly to the ground. – Robert painted in the dark. – Jane swam in Jack’s swimming pool. – She works for money. Second Basic Pattern: Subject, Transitive Verb, Direct Object Transitive Verb: a verb that is not complete in itself; needs a noun or a pronoun to complete it called a direct object. Direct object for a transitive verb always answers the questions what or whom A complement is not a modifier. It has to be part of the basic pattern. For instance… If someone said to you, “Yesterday, I bought.” You would probably ask, “What did you buy?” Bought, in this sentence, is not an intransitive verb. It needs a direct object. Practice Identify the basic pattern #2 for the following sentences (subject, transitive verb, direct object) – My sister bought a new dress yesterday. – Finish your homework. – She broke her arm during practice. – Take this book to the library. – Debra lost an earring during the dance. Compound Predicates and Basic Pattern #2 A compound predicate occurs when the sentence has more than one verb. In the same sentence, one verb can be transitive and one can be intransitive. Example: Bill left early and took a bouquet of roses to his girlfriend. Compound Direct Objects Sometimes a transitive verb can have more than one direct object Example: Joan took paper and pencils to the exam on Saturday. Practice Identify the basic pattern for the following sentences. – Our old car needs a thorough overhauling. – Wash the windows and woodwork in your room. – Greg ordered two hamburgers and fries. – My brother borrowed Dad’s car and went to a dance. Active and Passive Voice Voice shows how a verb speaks. A voice is active when the doer performs the act. – Paul wrote on the blackboard. A voice speaks passively when the doer receives the action. – The sweater was torn by Margaret. Practice Rewrite the following sentences in active voice. – The solo was sang beautifully by Jane. – My brother was grabbed by the bully. – A message was sent by Ted to his brother. Third Basic Pattern: Subject, Linking Verb, Subject Complement Linking verb links the subject with its complement – Referred to as a “state-of-being” verb; it does not act – State-of-being verbs: am, is, are, was, were, be, been The complement of a linking verb refers back to the subject Example: The captain is Tom. Complements The complement of a linking verb can be a noun, pronoun, or an adjective Find the complements: – Jerry is an excellent swimmer. – Jerry is he. – Jerry is happy. Transitive Verbs vs. Linking Verbs Molly won the tennis tournament. – Pattern: Molly won tournament – Tournament completes verb, not subject Molly was a tennis champion. – Pattern: Molly was champion – Molly and champion are the same – Champion complements Molly, not the verb Some practice… Look at the following sentences… – Brian played ball in the park. Ball complements? – Sally wrote a letter to her aunt. Letter complements? – Jim is a good math student. Student complements. State-of-being Verbs Most common linking verbs are forms of to be: am, is, are, was, were, be, been To be linking, the verb must link. I – No linking, then the verb is intransitive Example: Mary was in her room. (not linking) Example: Mary was a teacher. (linking) Practice Determine if the state-of-being verbs in the following sentences are linking verbs or intransitive verbs. – I will be famous. – The flowers were beautiful. – Jeff was working for my father. – The books were taken to the library. – My father was chief engineer.