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The Molecules of Cells Chapter 3 Fig. 3.1, p. 34 Producers Capture Carbon Using photosynthesis, plants and other producers turn carbon dioxide and water into carbon-based compounds Organic Compounds Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbon’s Bonding Behavior Outer shell of carbon has 4 electrons; can hold 8 Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to four atoms Bonding Arrangements Carbon atoms can form chains or rings Other atoms project from the carbon backbone single covalent bond branching from backbone carbon backbone carbon atom or carbon rings In-text, p. 36 Functional Groups Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon backbone Give organic compounds their different chemical properties Examples of Functional Groups Hydroxyl group - OH Amino group - NH3+ Carboxyl group - COOH Phosphate group - PO3- Carbonyl group - CO HYDROXYL CARBOXYL (alcohol) (non-ionized; —COOH) (ionized; —COO–) (non-ionized; —NH2) (ionized; —+NH3) AMINO CARBONYL PHOSPHATE (aldehyde; —CHO) (ketone; CO) (icon for phosphate group) Fig. 3.2, p. 36 Dehydration Synthesis Forming polymers from monomers Enzymes remove -OH from one molecule, H from another releasing water Covalent bond forms between two molecules DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS enzyme action at functional groups Fig. 3.4a, p. 37 Hydrolysis Breaks polymers into monomers by adding water Enzymes split molecules into two or more parts An -OH group and an H atom from water are attached at exposed sites HYDROLYSIS enzyme action at functional groups Fig. 3.4b, p. 37 Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) Monosaccharides Simplest Most carbohydrates are sweet tasting, water soluble Most have 5- or 6-carbon backbone Glucose (6-C) Fructose (6-C) Ribose (5-C) Deoxyribose (5-C) Two Monosaccharides glucose fructose Disaccharides glucose fructose Two monosaccharides covalently bonded Formed by dehydration synthesis reaction + H2O sucrose Polysaccharides Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers Most common are composed entirely of glucose – Cellulose – Starch – Glycogen Cellulose & Starch Differ in bonding patterns between monomers Cellulose - tough, indigestible, structural material in plant cell walls Starch - easily digested, storage form in plants Cellulose and Starch Glycogen Storage form of sugar found in animals Large When stores in muscle and liver cells blood sugar decreases, liver cells degrade glycogen, releasing glucose
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