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C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Guinea Pig GUINEA PIG Cavia porcellus Interesting GUINEA PIG features (phenotypes) General /Misc Guinea pig Phenotypes Behavior Nervous startle – stampede; diurnal; vocalize; defecate anywhere e.g. food; LONG precocious neonates; Pubic ligament/bone resorption in late pregnancy Gestation 61-65d! Nutrition REQUIRE dietary Vit C; Do NOT eat powder food NOR drink from water bottles Cholesterol Metabolism More LDL (like human) compared to most other rodents with more VLDL Integument: (Skin) Nipples Only 2, inguinal (sometimes extras) Gastrointestinal (Int) Teeth Hypsodont incisors; AND molars Stomach Undivided glandular Large Intestine Compound with cecal taenia (folds) Liver Hepatocellular intranuclear cytoplasmic invagination, inclusions Respiratory (Resp) Obligate nose breathers Lungs Thick arterial/arteriolar media and ample Smooth muscle around large airways Perivascular lymphoid nodules, may be limited to lung – normal? Genitourinary Seminal Vesicles Large (mistaken for uterus) Hematopoietic Thymus Cervical (near/with salivary glands) Hematology Kurloff cells: Mononuclear cells with large cytoplasmic inclusions esp in spleens of females & placentas; NK like functions Lymphocytes (~ 50%)> PMN Neutrophils have eosinophilic granules called ‘Heterophils’~ hamster rabbits Special Sense Ears Big tympanic bullae Spontaneous GUINEA PIG Pathology (phenotypes) NON Neoplastic Guinea pig Phenotypes NON Neoplastic Systemic (Multi System) Metabolic Nutritional Hemorrhage esp @ joints, knees; scorbutic bone changes; enlarged Hypovitaminosis C epiphyses widened Nutritional Myopathy Myocyte degeneration necrosis mineralization Metastatic Calcification Mineralization almost anywhere a. obese sows in last 2-3 wks of preg, etc stressors, large uterine load etc Pregnancy Toxemia b. uteroplacental ischemia dt compression of aorta Integument: (Skin) Alopecia Nutritional, endocrine/pregnancy; barbering, hair pulling Trauma Ear chewing, fight wounds (esp old boars) May trample young Lack L-gulonolactone oxidase Like mouse Scurvy – can’t make normal collagen Vitamin E/selenium deficiency/imbalance Nutritional ? a. Fasting/metabolic form b. Circulatory/toxic form (pre eclampsia) Vs ringworm, pediculosis 1 C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Guinea Pig Guinea pig Phenotypes NON Neoplastic Gastrointestinal (Int) Malocclusion Stomach Cecum Liver Pancreas Respiratory (Resp) Inhalation Pneumonia Ectopic Ossification Pulmonary Granulomas Endocrine Genitourinary Nephrosclerosis Polycystic Kidneys Urolithiasis Dystocia Cystic Ovaries Trophoblast Giant Cells Musculoskeletal Nutritional Myopathy Cardiovascular Heart Incisors earlier; Molars later (grow slower) Maxillary grow labially Gastric dilatation volvulus Torsion – sporadic Tympanites in Germ free portal fibrosis/ bile ductular hyperplasia, bile duct obstruction Fatty infiltration Hypsodont incisors and molars Bone spicules from fish meal, etc foreign material VS ectopic ossification Bone formation ~ Microlithiasis Adjuvant associated Aka pneumoconiosis Glomerulonephritis with significant sclerotic features Heritable? Ca + Mg Carbonates Phosphates Failure to demineralize pubic ligament also cystic rete ovarii, +/- cystic endometrial hyperplasia, mucometra etc Myometrium etc See nutritional myopathies Skeletal + cardiac myocyte degeneration necrosis mineralization Vs metastatic calcification of various soft tissue s Rhabdomyomatosis – glycogen deposition in myocytes (glycogenosis) Spontaneous GUNEA PIG Pathology (phenotypes) Neoplastic – NOT A LOT Guinea pig Neoplasm (Phenotype) Integument: (skin) Skin Trichoepithelioma –benign hair follicle tumor with keratin pearls Mammary Adenocarcinoma (or adenoma) , usually ductal, may met to lymph nodes Respiratory Lung Usually benign discrete papillary Genitourinary Ovary Teratoma, granulosa cell tumor Uterus Leiomyoma, fibroma > sarcoma Hematopoietic Cavian Leukemia WBC up to 200,000! Lymphadenomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly Lymphoma C type (retroviral) particles on EM Etc occasional Not a lot Helicobacters? Vs Infectious Old primiparous sows Common in Old sows > 1yo; estrogens ? Vitamin E/selenium deficiency/imbalance Assoc coagulopathy ? amyloidosis? Most common tumor in G pig Female + male Esp Young adults; Retroviral ? dt Cavian Leukemia virus 2 C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Guinea Pig Common Guinea pig conditions & primary diagnostic considerations Diarrhea Respiratory Dz Clostridium piliforme Colibacillosis Salmonella, Arizona sp Coccidiosis Citrobacter sp Coronavirus Clostridial typhlitis, clostridial dysbiosis Cryptosporidiosis Bordetella S. pneumonia, S. zooepidemicus Klebsiella Pasteurella multocida P. aeruginosa, C. freundii, S. aureus heat stress, diaphragmatic hernia, pregnancy toxemia, gastric torsion; adjuvant granulomas FELASA Recommendations for Guinea pig Testing Viruses Bacteria, mycoplasma and fungi Guinea pig adenovirus* 3 months Bordetella bronchiseptica 3 months Sendai virus 3 months Chlamydia psittaci 3 months Guinea pig cytomegalovirus Annually Corynebacterium kutscheri 3 months Dermatophytes 3 months Pasteurellaceae 3 months Salmonella spp. 3 months Streptobacillus moniliformis 3 months Streptococci b-hemolytic 3 months Streptococcus pneumoniae 3 months Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 3 months Clostridium piliforme Annually Mastitis E. Coli Klebsiella S. zooepidemicus S. aureus Abscesses S. zooepidemicus S. aureus Streptobacillus moniliformis, Y. pseudotuberculosis Parasites Ectoparasites: Endoparasites: Encephalitozoon cuniculi 3 months 3 months 3 months VIRUSES in GUINEA PIGS Virus order /family Virus Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus? F Guinea pig Adenovirus F Caviid Herpesvirus 2 Guinea pig cytomegalovirus F Caviid Herpesvirus 1 Guinea pig herpeslike virus (GPHLV) Caviid Herpesvirus 3 Guinea pig X virus Herpesviridae Cytomegalovirus F Herpesviridae ??Herpesvirus Herpesviridae ??Herpesvirus 1 Spp specif Gpig Prev Dx/Detection Disease ~ Pathology ~ Phenotypes Comments Common Path INIB PCR Bronchitis/bronchiolitis necrotizing with INIB1 Sub clin – hi mortality Common Path INIB PCR Salivary gland ducts INIB ICIB – Can dissem with necrosis anywhere esp in young Usually subclin in adult Can hi mortality in young Saliva urine shed; CMV model No dz From cell culture, tissues Exp hepatitis & mortality Isolated from Gpig WBC’s ? common VI ? INIB + Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies; ICIB = Intracytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies 3 C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Guinea Pig Virus order /family Virus Spp specif Prev Dx/Detection Disease ~ Pathology ~ Phenotypes Comments Arenaviridae F Z Arenavirus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Hu etc Rare Serol path PCR Subclin – mortality; neurologic; Lymphocytic infiltrates perivascular Gpigs Useful as sentinels ? ?? EM Wasting, diarrhea enteritis in young Gpigs 1 report: Coronavirus like particles on EM Coronavirus ?? ? Paramyxoviridae Respirovirus Pneumovirus Rubulavirus Sendai Virus F Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) SV-5 Var Was Common Serol No? natural Dz Similar to hamster Among most common Sero+ in Gpigs Paramyxoviridae Respirovirus (Cavian?) Parainfluenza virus 3 Hu ? Var Common Serol Usually asymptomatic; Experimental Transient interstitial pneumonia, alveolitis, congestion, hemorrhage Seroconversions Most common Sero+ in Gpigs TMEV Mice rat Rare? Serologic evidence only Reovirus 1, 2, 3 Mice etc Sporadic? Serologic evidence only Endogenous proviruses Vertical trans; c-type particles Herpes V in lymphomas? Picornaviridae Cardiovirus Reoviridae Retroviridae Gammaretrovirus ? Guinea pig leukemia virus Rhabdoviridae Lyssavirus Rabies virus Common ? NA PCR Mammals Lymphoblastic Lymphoma lymph nodes liver spleen marrow leukemia Rare PCR NON Viral agents in Guinea pigs Site AGENT in GUINEA PIGS Primary BACTERIA Gram, AF, Silver ? Prev Dx/Detection Bordetella bronchiseptica F Resp G- Sil Common Cult Chlamydophila psittaci F (Z) Resp Conj Giemsa Citrobacter freundii Int (resp) Clostridium difficile Int G+ Clostridium perfringens Int G+ Common Scrape 1 report Cult Common? Cult Tox Sporadic Clostridium piliforme F Int Liv G- Was common G+ Rare Corynebacterium kutscheri F Escherichia coli Int G- 1 report pet Guinea pig Disease ~ Pathology ~ Phenotypes Catarrhal – suppurative rhinitis tracheitis otitis broncho-pneumonia; G- bacilli among cilia? Conjunctivitis neutrophils, lymphocytes etc ; Abortion, resp dz Comments Very susceptible; important pathogen; esp winter? Naïve young Gpigs susceptible Guinea pig inclusion disease Sepsis pneumonia enteritis etc in young 1 report Diarrhea cecal hemorrhage edema; ileitis typhlitis surface necrosis Typhlitis Necrotizing typhlitis transmural; Mesenteric node hemorrhage necrosis; hepatitis ; Intracellular bacilli ‘penicillin toxicity’ Clostridial enteropathy Similar to C difficile Tyzzer’s disease – unusual now; Carditis unusual Young Gpigs very suscept None ? Risk to mice rats ? Historical EPEC; Attaching Effacing E coli in cecum; mastitis 4 C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Guinea Pig AGENT in GUINEA PIGS Site Primary Gram, AF, Silver ? Helicobacters Int Sil? Klebsiella pneumoniae Resp sepsis G- Lawsonia intracellularis Small Int G- Pasteurella multocida F Resp G- Pseudomonas aeruginosa Var G- Rare dz Cult Salmonella enterica; dublin typhimurium, enteritidis, F (Z) Int G- Rare now Cult PCR Staphylococcus aureus Skin Var G+ Sporadic Cult Path Streptobacillus moniliformis ZF Streptococcus pneumoniae F Nodes Prev Dx/Detection Common PCR Rare Cult Rare Path PCR Rare Cult Rare Cult PCR Was common ? Cult path Was common ? Disease ~ Pathology ~ Phenotypes Comments ?? PCR positives Sepsis; necrotizing bronchopneumonia serositis; Also mastitis Segmental proliferative enteritis ileitis Adenomatous intestinal hyperplasia Similar to rabbit hamster ferret pigs ? Conjunctivitis - resp? Look for Chlamydia? Pneumonia abscesses mastitis otitis ‘pulmonary botryomycosis’ with sulfur granules Splenomegaly miliary necrosis-granulomas liver spleen nodes etc Epithelioid macrophages Ulcerative dermatitis ; mastitis abscesses arthritis Big G+ cocci Cervical lymphadenitis Fibrinosuppurative pneumonia serositis etc ; G+ Diplococci Cervical lymphadenitis abscesses rhinitis serositis ets Enteritis ulcers; caseous nodules nodes etc with many bacteria Opportunist – common in environment water Common in pets – fresh vegetables – historical epizootics hi mortality Opportunist r/o more common causes Strep zoo. Yersinia Resp etc G+ Minimal – florid dz, mortality S zooepidemicus Nodes etc G+ Yersinia pseudotuberculosis F Int G- Rare Skin Ringworm Sil PAS Rare now DTM path Nose head back Arthrospores in follicles Mortality in juveniles Recur in pregnancy Common Path Common Path feces No ? Dz - Big ciliates with prominent macronuclei in lumen Entero-typhlitis + Intracellular extracytoplasmic Proliferative colitis slough hemorrhage edema ; Micro+ macrogametocytes in cecum colon crypt cells Invade as opportunists or postmortem Mortality in juveniles; With Copathogens often? Granulomas with spores Urine transmission Amoebae in large intestine lumen Commensal? Direct eval or path ‘Lumps’ Type C strep From wild birds animals IV. FUNGI Trichophyton mentagrophytes F VI. PROTOZOA Balantidium caviae (ciliate) LI Cryptosporidium wrairi SI-Cecum Eimeria caviae Cecum Colon Encephalitozoon cuniculi F Brain Kid Entamoeba spp LI Common Path feces AF G+ Sporadic Path sporadic Direct path Coccidiosis Diarrhea in juveniles 5 C. Brayton September 2007 AGENT in GUINEA PIGS Site Primary Giardia caviae Duod Klossiella cobayae Kid Sarcocystis caviae Muscle Toxoplasma gondii 07RodentPathSumTable Guinea Pig Gram, AF, Silver ? Gram 0 Trichomonas etc flagellates LI VII. HELMINTHS NEMATODES Baylisascaris procyionis CNS etc? Paraspidodera uncinata Cecum VIII. ARTHROPODS LICE Gliricola porcelli Gyropus ovalis Fur Trimenopon hispidium Fur Prev Dx/Detection Common ? Path feces Rare now Path Urine Rare Path Rare Path Common Direct Path 1 report Path Uncommon Path feces Common Direct Rare Direct MITES Chirodiscoides caviae Fur Demodex caviae Skin Follicles Myocoptes musculinus Fur Fr mice Notoedres muris Skin Var Sarcoptes scabei Skin Var Trixacarus caviae Z Skin Gpig Hu etc Common Direct 1 report Path scrape 1 report Direct Rare Direct Rare Direct Common Direct Disease ~ Pathology ~ Phenotypes Typical trophozoites in duodenum Adherent to villi enteritis? All developmental stages in tubule epithelium Sporocysts in urine Comments Can clear infection Cysts in heart + skel muscle Definitive host ? Tachyzoites in brain heart muscle; Bradyzoite cysts in Brain Where’s the cat? Flagellates in large intestine lumen All commensal? Common on direct eval or path Eosinophilic granulomas with larvae in CNS 25mm round worms in Cecum colon mucosa Pediculosis Large lice + nits in fur Mild pruritus alopecia CNS signs; larval migrans; raccoon contamination Direct life cycle Heterakis – like cecal worms pediculosis Innocuous easily overlooked Mild pruritus alopecia ? Acariasis acariasis Pruritus alopecia in heavy infestation Fur mites Contam ? 1 report ? Crusty lesions around muzzle eyes Intense pruritus dermatits Intense pruritus dermatits, shoulders abdomen inner thighs aloopecia, hyperkeratosis Mange dt Trixacarus is much more likely Guinea pig mange mite Causes or associated with emaciation 6 C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Hamster HAMSTERS Various species Mesocricetus auratus Cricetulus griseus Cricetus cricetus Cricetulus migratorius Phodopus sungorus Phodopus campbelli Phodopus roborovski Mesocricetus newtoni Mesocricetus branti Syrian (Golden) Hamster Chinese (Grey) Hamster European (Black-Bellied) Hamster Armenian (Migratory) Hamster Djungarian, Siberian (Dwarf) Hamster Russian (Dwarf Campbell’s) Hamster Roborovski Hamster Rumanian Hamster Turkish (Brandt’s) Hamster 44 chromosomes Common lab & pet hamster 22 chromosomes Diabetes model Pocket pet + lab hamster (too small for USDA hamster cages) Interesting SYRIAN HAMSTER features (phenotypes) General Hamster Phenotypes Very inbred descend from 3 pr or 1 litter? captured in Syria c 1930 Hibernation / estivation Weanlings driven from nest as a dispersal mechanism Solitary Cannibals – eat each other Integument: (skin) NO TAIL Loose Skin Mammary glands 7 pr Cheek pouches Food storage Hip/Flank glands Sebaceous glands Gastrointestinal (Int) Teeth Hypsodont incisors; rooted molars Salivary glands Sexual dimorphism Stomach 2chambers – prominent forestomach Paneth cells Liver Hepatocellular intranuclear cytoplasmic invagination, inclusions Respiratory (Resp) Obligate nasal breathers No intrapulmonary bronchi (bronchioles don’t have cartilage) Lungs Cardiac muscle extends around large pulmonary veins 1 left lobe, four right lobes Genitourinary Kidney Very long renal papilla extends into ureter Uterus 2 cervical canals with one external cervical os labyrinthine hemochorial trophoblastic giant cells in maternal tissue, Placenta including uterine arteries, lung Endocrine Adrenal Male 3x larger than female dt zona reticularis Hematopoietic 60-75% lymphocytes; Erythroid polychromasia and anisocytosis Hematology Neutrophils may be called ‘Heterophils’~ guinea pigs and rabbits accept transplants one another Various stressors Don’t enjoy company Handle with care Immune privilege (tumor inoculation) Darker, larger in male Like mouse 7 C. Brayton September 2007 Spontaneous HAMSTER Pathology (phenotypes) NON Neoplastic Hamster Phenotypes NON Neoplastic Systemic (multi system) Amyloidosis: Kidney, liver, adrenal >spleen, stomach, testis, intestine Integument: (skin) Contact dermatitis Cannibalism missing digits, limbs Gastrointestinal (Int) Malocclusion – Incisors Periodontal disease Molars – gingivitis bacterial colonies tartar, enamel loss, bone loss Liver cysts up to 2 cm diam cuboidal (cholangiolar?) lining Polycystic disease Also cysts in pancreas, epididymis, seminal vesicles Cirrhosis Cholangiofibrosis portal fibrosis/ bile ductular hyperplasia Respiratory (Resp) Inhalation pneumonia Alveolar histiocytosis Foam cell foci Endocrine Cushing’s like syndrome Symmetric alopecia etc cushingoid features Diabetes mellitus Islet cell degeneration/involution Genitourinary nephrosclerosis Glomerulonephritis with significant sclerotic arteriosclerotic features Amyloidosis Musculoskeletal Muscular dystrophy Cardiovascular: Atrial thrombi Congestive heart failure Misc. Hydrocephalus glomerular and interstitial CNS hemorrhage 07RodentPathSumTable Hamster Old hamsters, especially females wood shavings Don’t enjoy company Molars are rooted Used as caries model Helicobacters ? like rats Adrenocortical hyperplasia- tumor? Chinese hamsters Major life-limiting disease especially females Complicated by amyloidosis e.g. B.10 strain Left (>> Right) atrium contributor to and/or sequela of heart failure Left and right, usually dilated chambers Assoc coagulopathy ? amyloidosis? assoc with muscular dystrophy too? Common in some colonies – domed heard, dilated ventricles Spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis of the central nervous system last trimester fetal and neonate syndrome. Vitamin E deficiency? Genetic vs infectious? Spontaneous Hamster Pathology (Phenotypes) NEOPLASTIC – NOT A LOT Hamster Neoplasm (Phenotype) Integument: (skin) Skin Adenoma carcinoma esp of flank glands (sebaceous) Endocrine Adrenal glands Cortical adenoma > carcinoma, may be bilateral Hematopoietic Lymphoma Most common tumor in hamsters Vitamin E /Se; Parvovirus ? Occas melanocytic tumors Dt papovavirus in young hamsters 8 C. Brayton September 2007 FELASA TESTING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HAMSTERS Viruses Bacteria, mycoplasma and fungi Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Virus 3 months Clostridium piliforme 3 months Sendai virus 3 months Pasteurellaceae 3 months Salmonella spp. 3 months Corynebacterium kutscheri Annually Helicobacter spp. Annually 07RodentPathSumTable Hamster Parasites Ectoparasites: Endoparasites: Encephalitozoon cuniculi 3 months 3 months Annually VIRUSES in HAMSTERS Spp specif Prev Dx/Detection ? Serol Path ? unlikely Path Virus order /family Virus Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus ? Herpesviridae Cytomegalovirus = Mad2 (K87)? Or Hamster adenovirus Hamster Cytomegalovirus Parvoviridae Parvovirus = MPV3 ? or Hamster parvovirus (HaPV)? M H R? Common Serol path PCR Parvoviridae Parvovirus KRV H1 RH? Common? Serol Polyomaviridae Polyomavirus Hamster Polyomavirus (HaPV) Arenaviridae ZF Paramyxoviridae Pneumovirus Paramyxovirus F Respirovirus Paramyxoviridae Paramyxovirus Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) ? MH etc Chinese hamster Rodents Human Comments Subclin ~K87 Few epizootics with hi mortality in young Seroconversion only ? Path PCR Trichoepithelioma (follicular epithelioma) Lymphoma in young H Mesenteric (>other) nodes; infiltrate liver kidney thymus marrow etc Transmissible Enzootic in some EU colonies; Shed urine Rare Lymphocytic infiltrates in various tissues GN Pet hamsters human infections No natural dz Experimental pneumonitis Pneumonia necrotizing prolif ~ lesions to mice rats None Serologic evidence only None Serologic evidence only None Serologic evidence only Type C particles by EM Endogenous provirus Non oncogenic Sendai virus Mice, rats SV-5 Primates H Gp etc Common Serol Rare now Serol Common Serol Picornavirus Cardiovirus Mouse encephalomyelitis virus (MEV) From mice rats ? ? Serol Reoviridae Orthoreovirus Reovirus 1, 2, 3 Various Retroviridae Hamster leukemia virus ? Mice Hamster Disease ~ Pathology ~ Phenotypes Large amphophilic INIB enterocytes Small Intestine Salivary glands INIB ICIB Incisor adontia, enamel hypoplasia domed head; Cerebral cerebellar hemorrhage in young Common Serol Common EM 9 C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Hamster NON Viral Agents in HAMSTERS Primary Site or Agent in HAMSTER phenotype II. BACTERIA Gram, AF, Silver Actinomyces bovis G Campylobacter jejuni Z Int Sil? Clostridium difficile Int G+ Int Liv G- Sil Clostridium piliforme F Corynebacterium kutscheri F G+ Prev Dx/Detection 1 report Cult path Common Cult PCR Hamster Disease ~ Pathology ~ Phenotypes Abscess Salivary glands 0- enteritis diarrhea Common Cult Path Toxin Enterotoxemia acute death Necrotizing typhlitis Sporadic Path PCR Rare Cult Sporadic Cult Ileitis hepatitis carditis hemorrhage, necrosis Intracell argyrophilic bacilli None Escherichia coli Int G- Francisella tularensis Var G- Stom Int Sil Liv Panc Sil Helicobacter cinaedi F (C cinaedi formerly) Int Sil Common? PCR Path None? Helicobacter mesocricetorum F Int Sil Common? PCR Path None? Lawsonia intracellularis Int Sil Rare in Lab H Path PCR Leptospira ballum Kid Liv Sil, dark field Mycoplasma pulmonis Resp Helicobacter aurati F Helicobacter cholecystus F Pasteurella multocida F Pasteurella pneumotropica F 1 report Common? PCR Path Common? PCR Path Rare Rare Serol Cult PCR Rare Cult Common Cult Comments Enteritis with attaching invading Ec Necrosis lymphoid (+/- bacteria) lung hemorrhage hepatitis Gastritis Typhlitis Gastric ad Ca, Sarcoma? histiocytoma Cholangiofibrosis+ centrilobular pancreatitis Mode for antibiotic induced clostridial enteropathy Sanitation issue Isolated from hams without lesions Not normal in SI Copathogen? Common in some wild populations IBD model Isolate from gall bladder Proliferative ileitis – distal segment PAS + macrophages; small bacilli in apical cytoplasm Hemolytic dz nephritis hepatitis Commensal or normal flora? Human proctitis etc Commensal or normal flora? Common in pet hamster Severe dz in young rabbits pigs ferrets etc Urine transmission None Isolated from Hamster Opportunist Found by cult – no lesions Mastitis cervical abscesses Upper resp dz? Common gut flora? Resp G- Resp etc G- Pseudomonas aeruginosa Var G- Cult Sepsis death in debilitated Salmonella enteritidis F Var G- Rare now Cult Pneumonia w thrombi hemorrhage Hepatitis spleen necrosis Glomerular emboli Common in water environment Historical outbreaks w hi mortality DDX Tyzzer’s etc 10 C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Hamster Agent in HAMSTER Primary Site or phenotype Gram, AF, Silver Staphylococcus aureus Skin etc G+ Streptococcus spp. Resp etc G+ Streptococcus pneumoniae Resp etc G+ Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Var III. IV. FUNGI PROTOZOA Balantidium coli Cecum colon Encephalitozoon cuniculi F Kid brain Entamoeba muris etc spp Cecum colon Common Smear, histo Giardia muris G mesocricetus Small intestine Common Smear, histo Spironucleus muris Small intestine Tritrichomonas muris etc flagellates V. Aspiculuris spp Syphacia obvelata (> S. criceti, mesocriceti, muris) rare G+, polarizes Cysticercus fasciolaris (Taenia taeniaeformis) Hymenolepis diminuta ‘Rat tapeworm’ Hamster Disease ~ Pathology ~ Phenotypes Mastitis pododermatitis abscesses ulcerative dermatitis Comments Resp dz or abscesses Pneumonia or abscesses Caseous lesions lymph nodes spleen lung liver Ringworm etc possible Typical ciliate with macronucleus in lumen With enteritis / diarrhea ? Look for granulomas with gram pos birefringent spores +/- enteritis – trophozoites on villi duodenum +/- enteritis – trophozoites in crypts Confirmed ? Bystander, opportunist , copathogens? From tumor cell line ? Common in pet store hamsters Associated with amyloidosis? Common in pet store hamsters Pyriform trophozoites in cecum colon lumen Normal? Commensal? Fecal dire Common Tape test, histo Uncommon Fecal float 1 report path May be infected eggs in feces fecal float Adults in cecum, eggs on perineum, feces? Mouse Pinworm is most likely? Rare path Rare Path Float Cysts (strobilocerci) in liver – fibroplasia - sarcoma Adults (20-60mm, no hooks) + enteritis Eggs have 3pr hooks NEMATODES Cecum Trichuris muris Trichosomoides nasalis 1 report Common Smear, histo Common Smear, histo Large Intestine HELMINTHS Colon prob Prev Dx/Detection Rare dz Cult path Rare dz Cult path Rare dz Cult path Rare Cult path Resp nose whipworm Trichurid nematodes in nasal mucosa Wild caught hamsters? CESTODES Liver Small Int Where’s the cat? Wild rats Control Arthropod int host 11 C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Hamster Agent in HAMSTER Primary Site or phenotype Gram, AF, Silver Prev Dx/Detection Rodentolepis nana ‘Dwarf tapeworm’ Small Int Hu rodent Rare Path Float Rodentolepis microstoma ‘Bile duct tapeworm’ Liv bile duct Small Int VI. ARTHROPODS Demodex aurati Epidermis Demodex criceti Follicle Demodex spp. Follicle Skin Notoedres notoedres Ear etc Ornithonyssus bacoti O sylviarum (fowl mite) Sarcoptes scabei Rare Path Float Comments Direct cycle does not require arthropod Human = definitive host ? Flour beetle intermediate host MITES Common Histo scrape Rare Sporadic Skin Hamster Disease ~ Pathology ~ Phenotypes Hexacanth ova in feces Adults 25-40mm + armed rostellum in lumen Larvae armed rostellum in lamina propria etc Oncospheres in duodenum adults (80-350mm + armed rostellum) in bile duct Rare Alopecia rump & back In follicles – cigar shape In epidermal pits anywhere on body shorter than D aurati Usually asymptomatic Other species in non – Syrian hamsters Mite burrows in stratum corneum ears, nose, genitalia, tail, feet Incidental host –do not stay on the animal pruritic dermatitis Sarcoptic Mites in epidermis. Commonly coinfected with D criceti maggots Flystrike Commonly coinfected with D aurati Ear mange From rats cats etc Blood sucker Mange, scabies OTHER Musca domestica Wohlfahrtia vigil Sarcophaga hemorrhoidalis gross 12 C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Gerbil GERBILS: Meriones unguiculatus Interesting/important GERBIL Features (phenotypes) General/ miscellaneous Quite inbred Descended from 11pr brought to US in 1954 Desert animals Water conserving, concentrated urine; obesity prone Cholesterol metabolism Hyperlipidemia on normal chow diets Integument: (skin) Tail Long and furry - NOT a handle – it will slip off Ventral marking gland Sebaceous scent gland Gastrointestinal (Int) Teeth Hypsodont incisor, rooted molars Respiratory (Resp) Obligate nose breathers Endocrine Adrenals Relatively large compared to other rodents Genitourinary Gestation 24-26d Cardiovascular Incomplete useful for carotid ligation stroke models Circle of Willis Hematopoietic Adult-polychromasia, basophilic stippling reticulocytosis Hematology Males have higher RBC, Hgb, WBC and Lymphocytes Lymphocyte >> neutrophils Misc Assoc with otitis, poor drainage cholesteatoma Big Bullae, long ear canals Mild convulsion (can fatal) ischemic lesions in CNS Epilepsy neuromuscular paralysis from impaired acetylcholine release mortality Aminoglycoside toxicity Acid fast INIB in renal tubule epithelium; lipofuscin in hepatocytes + Kupfer Lead toxicity cells; macrocytic hypochromic anemia + Basophilic stippling Spontaneous GERBIL Pathology (phenotypes) NON neoplastic GERBIL Pathology (Phenotypes) NON neoplastic Systemic (multi system) Spleen, liver, lymph node, interstitium of exocrine pancreas, adrenal, Amyloidosis: heart, intestines; Diabetes hyperglycemia with large islets; hyperlipidemia on standard diet , Obesity Diabetes hepatic lipidosis, gallstones Hyperadrenocorticism Arterial plaques with mineralization esp aorta renal mesenteric etc arteries Integument: (skin) Red face & nose dermatitis +/- opportunistic bacterial infections Nasal Dermatitis Tail Slip Denuded tail Matted fur Gastrointestinal (Int) Diet restrict Ingest from ointment etc Bigger in males Molars are rooted Usually bacterial ? opportunists Heritable; Reduced by early handling ? Ingest from ointment etc – Very susceptible Very susceptible related to urine concentrating ability Sporadic Assoc with chronic infections Associated conditions in old & breeding gerbils Diet restriction can help (Sorenose) Stress etc Handling issues Hi humidity 13 C. Brayton September 2007 Malocclusion Periodontal disease Liver degeneration Respiratory (Resp) Endocrine Diabetes mellitus Hyperadrenocorticism Genitourinary Chronic nephropathy Cystic Ovaries Cardiovascular ‘cardiomyopathy’ Arterial plaques Musculoskeletal Misc Epilepsy Aural cholesteatoma cataract GERBIL Pathology (Phenotypes) NON neoplastic Rare related to loss of maxillary incisors Molars – gingivitis bacterial colonies tartar, enamel loss, bone loss adontia on standard diet Multifocal , min inflammation; +/- telangiectasia fatty change etc 07RodentPathSumTable Gerbil Molars are rooted Used as caries model – very susceptible Usually bacterial ? opportunists See obesity associated conditions above PUPD, wasting; chronic glomerulonephropathy Major life-limiting disease Quite common Myocardial degeneration & fibrosis +/- myocarditis etc See obesity associated conditions above Esp male breeders Assoc with obesity etc Mild convulsion (can fatal) ischemic lesions in CNS Assoc with otitis, poor drainage Heritable Reduced by early handling ? Common May have head tilt Spontaneous GERBIL Pathology (phenotypes) Neoplastic GERBIL Neoplasms (Phenotypes) Integument: (skin) Marking gland Adenocarcinoma Sebaceous Squamous cell carcinoma esp ear Skin Melanocytoma, basal cell tumor Respiratory (Resp) Lung Metastatic hemangiosarcoma Endocrine Adrenal Cortical adenoma carcinoma > pheochromocytoma Genitourinary Granulosa cell tumor frequently bilateral Ovaries Thecal cell tumor, dysgerminoma, carcinoma Kidney Renal hemangioma hemangiosarcoma Cardiovascular: Kidney lung , spleen Hemangioma sarcoma Hematopoietic Spleen Hemangioma Uterine adenocarcinomas, fibrosarcomas, pancreatic cell adenoma, Etc occasional leiomyomas, thymoma, cecal adenocarcinoma, Hodgkin’s like lymphoma, osteosarcoma, exorbital lacrimal gland adenoma Chinese hamsters Common in old female May met to lung Assoc coagulopathy ? amyloidosis? 14 C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Gerbil GERBIL INFECTIOUS DSEASES – No FELASA recommendations VIRUSES -- None ? naturally occurring not monitored Experimental Hanta virus, La Cross virus, Tick borne encephalitis virus, Borna virus, Rift Valley fever, pseudorabies, and Encephalomyocarditis virus Bacteria Not many reports of natural bacterial diseases In the wild some Gerbil species e.g. Rhombomys opimus are important Plague (Yersinia pestis ) reservoirs, vectors Gram, AF, Silver Prev Dx/Detection II. Primary Site or phenotype BACTERIA Clostridium difficile Int G+ Cult Path Toxin Clostridium piliforme F Int Liv G- Sil Sporadic Path PCR Escherichia coli Int G- Helicobacters Int Sil Helicobacters Leptospira interrogans etc Stom Agent in Gerbil Common On PCR Exp only ? Liv Kidney Disease ~ Pathology ~ Phenotypes Comments Enterotoxemia acute death Necrotizing typhlitis Ileitis hepatitis carditis hemorrhage, necrosis Intracell argyrophilic bacilli antibiotic induced Bergin 2005 VERY Susceptible Most? Serious dz problem Not normal flora Worthington 1988 ? Commensal or normal flora? Gastritis experimental Hemolytic anemia icterus; liver + tubule degeneration with spirochetes Hepatitis +/- granulomas with epithelioid macrophages, necrosis, mineral; interstitial pneumonia, meningitis, orchitis; or enterotyphlocolitis pancreatitis Suppurative dermatitis Serocellular crust with cocci Suppurative dermatitis Serocellular crust with cocci H pylori, felis, bizzozeronii EXPERIMENTAL Salmonella enteritidis S typhimurium F Var G- Cult Staphylococcus aureus Skin etc G+ Cult path S xylosus etc Skin etc G+ Cult path IV. PROTOZOA G+, polarizes 1 report Granulomas, gram Pos birefringent spores From tumor cell line ? Large Intestine Smear, histo All Commensal? Common? Giardia (muris?) Small intestine Smear, histo Spironucleus muris Tritrichomonas sp Small intestine Smear, histo Common Smear, histo In lumen +/- enteritis – trophozoites on villi duodenum +/- enteritis – trophozoites in crypts In lumen Common - Commensal? Adults in small intestine, eggs in feces Usually asymptomatic Gerbil pinworm Encephalitozoon cuniculi F Entamoeba sp Etc flagellates V. Dentostomella translucida Kid brain Large Intestine HELMINTHS Small Intestine! Historical outbreaks w hi mortality diarrhea in young Opportunist Isolate from sorenose Opportunist Isolate from sorenose Experimental Highly susceptible Significance? NEMATODES Fec float, histo 15 C. Brayton September 2007 07RodentPathSumTable Gerbil Agent in Gerbil Primary Site or phenotype Gram, AF, Silver Prev Dx/Detection Common ? Tape test, histo Syphacia obvelata, muris; Aspiculuris Cecum colon Hymenolepis diminuta R microstoma Int Duod Bile duct Uncommon Float histo Rodentolepis nana Z Int Uncommon Float histo Cysticercus fasciolaris (Taenia taeniaeformis) Liver cysts 1 report Necropsy VI. ARTHROPODS Disease ~ Pathology ~ Phenotypes Comments Adults in cecum, eggs on perineum Mouse, rat Pinworm can infect gerbil Adults + enteritis Adults + enteritis cholangitis hepatitis Hexacanth ova in feces Adults armed rostellum in lumen Larvae armed rostellum in lamina propria Few reports Control Arthropod int host Direct cycle does NOT require arthropod Human <-> rodent Cysts, liver Where is cat ? carnivore ? CESTODES MITES LICE Similar to hamster ? References / Resources Baker, D.G. Ed. 2007. Flynn's Parasites of Laboratory Animals, 2nd Edition, Blackwell Percy, Barthold, 2007. Pathology of Laboratory Rodents & Rabbits, 3rd Edition, Blackwell University of Missouri, Columbia RADIL DORA http://www.radil.missouri.edu/info/dora/Dora.htm Find your Rodents AND their health reports Charles River Laboratories http://www.criver.com/research_models_and_services/research_models/index.html Harlan http://www.harlan.com/models/usmodels.asp Taconic http://www.taconic.com/wmspage.cfm?parm1=893 Acknowledgments Steve Barthold; Charlie Clifford CRL; Dean Percy; Nadine Forbes 16
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