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Continuing Trends in Plant Evolution • Ultimate reduction of water-dependent gametophyte • • • • • * double fertilization Vascular tissue – improved more Herbaceous habit Secondary compounds Flowers – more efficient pollen Fruits – seed dispersal Green: all these are in sporophyte Flowers & fruits • Flowers attract & encourage pollinators • Fruits aid in dispersal of seeds Flowers & fruits • Flower a major advancement • Flower parts are modified leaves * * * * Sepals – protect flower in bud Petals – attract pollinators Stamens – produce pollen Pistil(s) – produce and protect ovules • Fruit develops from ovary Flower Pistil Fruit Flowering plant life cycle Pollen grain ♂ Sporophyte Ovary Gametophytes Ovule ♀ Evolution of flower & fruit • • • First fossils: late Jurassic period of Mesozoic era Diversified during Cenozoic era Coevolution with pollinators Fruits Orchid Flowering plants survey • “Angiosperms” (= covered seed) • Phylum Anthophyta * Magnolias – primitive * Monocots – grasses, palms, lilys, etc. * Eudicots – everything else Magnolia Monocots Oriental lily Grass family, Andropogon Pear Pyrus Eudicot Vaccinium deliciosum Eucalyptus Smallest flower Water Meal, Wolffia Largest flower Rafflesia and friends What does this pollinate??? Large, hairy bee fly from Stehekin
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