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Cell Organelles In many cells, the structure that controls the cell's activities is the What is a vacuole? Distinct threadlike structures containing genetic information are Nucleus A storage area for water, nutrients, and sometimes waste DNA (Chromatin) The organelle(s) that makes energy available for the cell is What is the function of the centrioles? What happens in the rough endoplasmic reticulum? Mitochondria and Chloroplast Help the animal cell to divide during cell division Assembly and transportation of materials such as proteins What is the main function of the cell wall? What is the function of ribosomes? Describe the role of the Golgi apparatus. Support and Protect the Cell Produce proteins using Modification and Packaging of instructions from the membrane materials from the ER for transport throughout the cell What is cytoplasm? What is the function of the nucleolus? What are the two types of structures that make up the cytoplasm? Substance in the cell which helps to hold organelles in place Makes ribosomes SKIP What is the purpose of the cilia and flagella? What is the function of the rough and a smooth endoplasmic reticulum? What is the function of a lysosome? Help the organism to move or move materials around the organism Assembly and transportation of materials Use digestive enzymes to break down materials Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes What organisms are prokaryotes? What is the main characteristic of prokaryotes? If a cell of an organism contains a nucleus, the organism is Bacteria Lacks a nucleus eukaryotic What is the function of the cell membrane found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Animal cells and plant cells are (eukaryotes, prokaryotes). Label the bacteria 1. Flagella, 2. Pili, 3. DNA, 4. Cell Membrane, 5. Ribosomes, 6. Cell Wall, 7. Capsule Provide support and control what enters and leaves the cell eukaryotes What is the purpose of the flagella for bacteria? Where is the DNA found in a eukaryote cell? Transports the bacteria from place to place Inside of the nucleus Which are the smallest and simplest cells? (eukaryotes, prokaryotes). prokaryotes CELL THEORY What is the contribution of Matthias Schleiden to the cell theory? What is the contribution of Theodor Schwann to the cell theory? What is the contribution of Rudolf Virchow to the cell theory? All plants are made of cells All animals are made of cells Cells come from preexisting (other) cells Name the three parts of the cell theory: What is the contribution of Anton van Leeuwenhoek? What is the contribution of Robert Hooke to the cell theory? Looks are microscopic organisms in pond water and called them “animalcules” Looked at a cork cell, came up with the term cell. The cell is the basic unit of _____________ of living things. Cells come from _______________ cells. All living organisms are made of _____________. Structure and function Existing Cells All cells have ___________ on which proteins are made. All cells have _______ which provides instructions for making proteins. What common boundary do all cells have? ribosomes DNA Cell Membrane 1. All living things are composed of cells 2. Cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things. 3. Cells come from existing cells Comparison of Plant and Animal cells Plants have an outer boundary that animal cells do not have. It is called the __________________. The cell wall in plants contains what polysaccharide? What takes up the main part of the plant cell? Cellulose Large Central Vacuole What organelle do animal cells have that plant cells do not have? This is a _____cell. Cell Wall The organelle in plants that carries out photosynthesis. Plant Chloroplast Centrioles, Lysosomes, and Small Vacuoles This is a(an) ______ cell. What is the purpose of the central vacuole? Animal A large storage area for water, nutrients, and sometimes waste Name the three organelles that plants have and animal cells do not have. Cell Wall Chloroplast Large Central Vacuole What does B represent? What does A represent? What does C represent? Vacuole Cell Wall Chloroplast What other organisms besides plants have chloroplasts? What organelle in plants presses against the cell wall making the cell rigid? Cell Membrane Some Protists Microscopes How is the image formed for compound light microscope? It is backwards from what you would see naturally What adjustment knob is used for focusing while using the low power objective? How is an image formed for electron microscopes? What adjustment knob is used for focusing while using the high power objective? Electrons can form 2D (Transmission Electron Microscope) or 3D images (Scanning Electron Microscope) Fine Adjustment Only What is the purpose of the diaphragm on the compound light microscope? Which kind of microscope must you use to make a 3D image of something like a virus or atom? Which # __13___? Course and Fine Adjustment Adjust the amount of light which comes through the stage Electron Microscope Which # __12/13__? Which # __7__? What are the last three steps of using a microscope? What is the maximum magnification that is known for the compound light microscope? Place on the lowest power objective, move the revolving nosepiece up, and turn it off. Explain how to calculate total magnification for a compound light microscope. Eye piece (also called the ocular lens) multiplied by the magnification of the objective you are using. 10x (eyepiece) x 40x (high power) = 400x total magnification What is the purpose of the revolving nosepiece on the compound light microscope? Allows you to adjust the magnification of an image easily from low to medium and then high power. Which # __2__? Which number below represents the ocular lens? #9 The Cell Membrane and Transport Diffusion means molecules move from ___________ to ___________ concentration. High to Low What is the difference between active transport and passive transport? Active transport requires energy to move from low to high concentration. Passive transport does not require energy to move from high to low concentration How is facilitated diffusion similar and different from diffusion? Both types of diffusion require no energy. Facilitated diffusion does require a protein to move larger molecules What happens to plant cells placed in hypotonic solutions? What happens to cells placed in isotonic solutions? (Sketch) The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is The vacuole fills up and the cell membrane pushes against the cell wall. Osmosis Turgor pressure (Plant Perks Up) It stays the same A substance that moves across a What is a hypertonic solution? cell membrane without using (Sketch) the cell's energy tends to move Shrinks What is a hypotonic solution? (Sketch) Swells With the concentration gradient, high to low concentration Explain why the cell membrane is selectively permeable. What is phagocytosis? It allows materials to move through the membrane at different rates, not all materials can easily move through the membrane A type of endocytosis which means cell eating (solid particles). Pinocytosis means cell is drinking (large amount of liquids). What is endocytosis? Movement of bulk materials into the cell using energy. What is exocytosis? Movement of bulk materials out of the cell using energy. Label the diagram H, G, E H = Phospholipid Bilayer G = Protein Channel E = Cholesterol D = Carbohydrate What happens to animal cells placed in hypertonic solutions? What does dynamic equilibrium mean? Water moves out of the cell and it shrinks The amount of water in and out of the cell are the same, so there is not net movement of water. Water moves in and out at the same rate.