Download Imperialism, Progressivism, and World War

Imperialism, Progressivism, and
World War
Unit 5
USHC-5 The student will demonstrate an
understanding of domestic and foreign developments
that contributed to the emergence of the United
States as a world power in the twentieth century.
Your Goals
• 5.1 Analyze the development of American expansionism, including the
change from isolationism to intervention and the rationales for
imperialism based on Social Darwinism, expanding capitalism, and
domestic tensions.
• 5.2 Explain the influence of the Spanish-American War on the emergence
of the United States as a world power, including the role of yellow
journalism in the American declaration of war against Spain, United States
interests and expansion in the South Pacific, and the debate between proand anti-imperialists over annexation of the Philippines.
• 5.3 Summarize United States foreign policies in different regions of the
world during the early twentieth century, including the purposes and
effects of the Open Door policy with China, the United States role in the
Panama Revolution, Theodore Roosevelt’s “big stick diplomacy,” William
Taft’s “dollar diplomacy,” and Woodrow Wilson’s “moral diplomacy” and
changing worldwide perceptions of the United States.
What is imperialism?
Building Support for Imperialism
A. Beginning in the 1880s, Americans wanted the United States to become a world power.
Their change in attitude was a result of economic and military competition from other
nations and a growing feeling of cultural superiority.
B. Imperialism is the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker
nations. Several European nations were expanding their power overseas, a development
known as the New Imperialism. One reason for this expansion was that
European factories depended on raw materials from all over the world. To protect
their investments, European nations exerted control over territories where they had
invested capital and sold products. Some areas became colonies while others became
protectorates. In a protectorate, the imperial power allowed local rulers to remain in
control while protecting them against rebellion and invasion. In return, local rulers
had to accept advice from the Europeans on how to govern their country.
C. Americans wanted to develop overseas markets to keep the economy strong. Social
Darwinists argued that as nations competed, only the strongest would survive.
Americans used these ideas to justify expanding American power overseas.
D. John Fiske, a historian and writer, wrote about “Anglo-Saxonism,” the idea that the
English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government
and were destined to dominate the planet. Josiah Strong linked missionary work to
Anglo-Saxonism, convincing many Americans to support imperialism.
Expansion in the Pacific
A. Americans expanded across the Pacific Ocean and toward East Asia looking for overseas
markets. Americans hoped to trade with China and Japan, but Japan only allowed
trade with the Chinese and the Dutch.
B. In 1852 President Franklin Pierce ordered Commodore Matthew C. Perry to travel to
Japan to negotiate a trade treaty. In 1854 the Japanese, impressed by American technology
and power, signed a treaty opening two ports to American trade. By the 1890s,
Japan had a powerful navy and had set out to build its own empire in Asia.
C. During an 1872 recession in Hawaii, the United States exempted Hawaiian sugar from
tariffs. When the treaty later came up for renewal, the Senate insisted that Hawaii give
the United States exclusive rights to a naval base at Pearl Harbor. The trade treaty led
to a boom in the Hawaiian sugar industry.
D. The McKinley Tariff in 1890 gave subsidies to sugar producers in the United States,
causing the sale of Hawaiian sugar to decline. As a result, the Hawaiian economy also
declined.
E. In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani became the queen of Hawaii. She disliked the influence of
American settlers in Hawaii. In 1893 a group of planters, supported by U.S. Marines,
forced the queen to give up her power after she unsuccessfully tried to impose a new
constitution that reasserted her authority as ruler of the Hawaiian people. The group
of planters set up a temporary government and asked the United States to annex
the islands.
Latin America
A. In the 1800s, the United States wanted to increase its influence in Latin America by
increasing the sale of American products in the region. Americans wanted Europeans
to realize that the United States was the dominant power in the region.
B. Secretary of State James G. Blaine led early efforts to expand American influence in
Latin America. He proposed the idea that the United States and Latin America work
together in what came to be called Pan-Americanism.
C. In 1889 the first Pan-American conference was held in Washington, D.C. The goals of
the conference were to create a customs union between Latin America and the United
States, and to create a system for American nations to work out their disputes peacefully.
The Latin Americans rejected both ideas.
D. Latin Americans agreed to create the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics,
an organization that worked to promote cooperation among the nations of the Western
Hemisphere. Today this organization is called the Organization of American States
(OAS).
A Modern Navy
A. Americans were willing to risk war to defend American interests overseas. This led
to American support for a large modern navy.
B. Captain Alfred T. Mahan of the United States Navy published his lectures in a book
called The Influence of Seapower Upon History, 1660–1783. The book suggested that a
nation needed a large navy to protect its merchant ships and to defend its right to
trade with other countries. Mahan felt it necessary to acquire territory overseas for
naval bases.
C. Henry Cabot Lodge and Albert J. Beveridge, two powerful senators, pushed for the
construction of a new navy. By the late 1890s, the United States was on its way to
becoming one of the top-ranked naval powers in the world
D. In the spring of 1898, war began between Spain and the United States.
Spanish American War
A. Cuba, a Spanish colony, provided wealth for Spain with sugarcane plantations. In 1868
Cuban rebels declared independence and began a guerrilla attack against Spanish
authorities. After the attack failed, the Cuban rebels fled to the United States to plan a
new revolution. Writer and poet José Martí, an exiled leader of Cuba’s revolution, fled
to New York City. He raised money from Americans and began purchasing weapons
and training troops to prepare for an invasion of Cuba.
B. In 1894, after the United States imposed new tariffs on sugar, the economy of Cuba
was devastated. Martí and his followers began a new rebellion in February of 1895.
They seized control of eastern Cuba, declared its independence, and set up the
Republic of Cuba in September 1895.
C. At the start of the Cuban revolution, Americans were neutral. But after reports in two
newspapers, the New York Journal owned by William Randolph Hearst and the New
York World owned by Joseph Pulitzer, Americans began to side with the rebels. The
newspapers, trying to outdo each other, began to use yellow journalism by running
exaggerated stories of Spanish attacks on Cubans.
D. The Cuban rebels attacked and destroyed American property, hoping for American
intervention in the war.
E. The Spanish appointed General Valeriano Weyler to serve as governor. He caused the
deaths of tens of thousands of Cuban villagers by sending them to reconcentration
camps. This led Americans to call for intervention in the war.
F. The Spanish ambassador to the U.S., Enrique Dupuy de
Lôme, wrote a private letter, describing President McKinley as
weak and seeking admiration of Americans. The New York
Journal printed the letter, causing Americans to become angry
over the insult.
G. In February 1898, the U.S.S. Maine, anchored in Havana,
Cuba, exploded, killing 266 American officers and sailors.
Although no one knows why the ship exploded, many
Americans blamed Spain.
H. President William McKinley did not want to intervene in
the war, fearing it would cost the United States too many lives
and hurt the economy. Within the president’s own political
party, jingoism was very strong. In 1898, after much pressure,
McKinley authorized Congress to declare war on Spain.
Explosion of The Maine
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How do these headlines differ?
What does each headline imply?
If these were articles, which would you read first?
Which do you think would have been the most reliable?
Why?
Why might different newspapers choose to present the
same event so differently?
Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine,
Havana Harbor, February 15, 1898
Facts
• Cuba was colonized by Spain.
• Cuban rebels had been fighting for
independence.
• Spain was thought to be brutal in repressing the
rebellion.
• U.S. had business interests in Cuba.
• President McKinley had sent the Maine to Cuba.
(Why?)
• Maine explodes on Feb. 15, 1898.
WHO SUNK THE MAINE?
Awake United States!
This song was rushed into print between the sinking of the Maine on
February 16, 1898 and the declaration of war on April 25, 1898.
Eagle soar on high, and sound the battle cry!
How proudly sailed the warship Maine,
a Nation’s pride, without a stain!
A wreck she lies, her sailors slain.
By two-faced butchers, paid by Spain!
Eagle soar on high,
And sound the battle cry
Wave the starry flag!
In mud it shall not drag!
• According to this song, who sunk the Maine?
• Does this prove the Spanish blew it up?
The Journal
The Times
Read the documents and fill out the organizer.
Discussion
• Do you know what happened?
• What evidence do you have? Give an example where
the reporter uses solid evidence to support a claim
made in the article.
• Do you think these articles would have been received
differently by their readers in 1898? How so?
• What effect might the Journal article have had on its
readers?
• What effect might the Times article have had on its
readers?
• How significant do you think the Maine explosion was
to the American people at this time? Why?
Assessment
Writing prompt: Which account is more believable?
Why?
First Section: Compare the evidence used by both papers
to support their claims that the Maine was blown up by
attack or by unknown causes. Which uses stronger
evidence? Use at least three specific
examples/phrases/words from the articles to support
your position.
Second Section: Does this difference in accounts matter?
Why or why not?
A War on Two Fronts
A. The United States Navy’s North Atlantic Squadron blockaded Cuba. An American fleet
in British Hong Kong was ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines—a
Spanish colony.
B. In May 1898, Commodore George Dewey led a squadron that destroyed Spanish warships
in Manila Bay in the Philippines. McKinley sent 20,000 American troops to the
Philippines and, along the way, seized the island of Guam—a Spanish possession in
the Pacific.
C. The American army was untrained and unequipped. Poor conditions in training
camps resulted in more Americans dying in training than in battle.
D. In June 1898, American troops advanced toward Santiago Harbor in Cuba. One group
attacked the village of El Caney, and another group attacked San Juan Heights. Among
the American troops were the “Rough Riders” led by Colonel Leonard Wood, with
Theodore Roosevelt as second in command. Both attacks were American victories.
E. Along with the Rough Riders were the all-black 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments.
About one-fourth of the American troops fighting in Cuba were African American.
F. Spanish resistance ended with the surrender of Santiago. On August 12, 1898, Spain
and the United States agreed to a cease-fire.
An Empire is Born
A. Many Americans supported annexing the Philippines because it would provide a
naval base in Asia, a stopover on the way to China, a large market for American
goods, and the ability to teach “less civilized” peoples.
B. On December 10, 1898, the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris. Cuba
became an independent country. The United States acquired Puerto Rico and Guam
and paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines. This treaty made the United States an
imperial power.
C. Controlling its new empire was not easy for the United States. Emilio Aguinaldo, a
Filipino revolutionary, ordered his troops to attack American soldiers stationed in the
Philippines. American General Arthur MacArthur was forced to set up reconcentration
camps resulting in thousands of Filipinos dying.
D. William Howard Taft, the first U.S. civilian governor of the Philippines, introduced
reforms in education, transportation, and health care to try to win over the Filipino
people. These reforms slowly lessened Filipino hostility toward American rule. By
April 1902, all Filipino resistance stopped. In 1946 the United States granted independence
to the Philippines.
E. In 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act, making Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory.
Congress gradually allowed the people a degree of self-government. In 1917
Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the United States. In 1947 the island was allowed
to elect its own governor. Today the debate on whether to grant Puerto Rico statehood,
to become an independent country, or to continue as a Commonwealth and part of the
United States still exists.
F. After the war, the United States set up a military government in Cuba. Steps were taken
to ensure that Cuba would remain tied to the United States. The Platt Amendment
specified that (1) Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that would weaken
its power or allow another foreign power to gain territory in Cuba; (2) Cuba had to
allow the United States to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba; (3) Cuba’s debts had to
be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops to enforce payment; and
(4) the United States would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence
and keep order. Cuba reluctantly accepted the Amendment. It was repealed in 1934.
T.R.
A. In the 1900 election, President McKinley defeated
William Jennings Bryan by a wide
margin. On September 6, 1901, Leon Czolgosz shot
President McKinley, who died a
few days later.
B. Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley’s vice president,
became the youngest person to
become president. Roosevelt believed the United States
had a duty to shape the “less
civilized” parts of the world. He wanted the United States
to become a world power.
America in Asia
A. In 1899 the United States was a major power in Asia. Between 1895 and 1900,
American exports to China quadrupled.
B. In 1894 war began between China and Japan over what is now Korea. This ended in a
Japanese victory. In the peace treaty, China gave Korea independence and Japan territory
in Manchuria. The war showed that China was weaker than people had thought,
and that Japan had successfully adopted Western technology.
C. Japan’s rising power worried Russia. They forced Japan to give back the part of
Manchuria to China and later made China lease the territory to Russia. Leasing a territory
meant it would still belong to China but a foreign power would have control. This
leasehold became the center of a sphere of influence, an area where a foreign nation
controlled economic development such as railroad and mining.
D. President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay supported an Open Door policy
in China. They believed all countries should be allowed to trade with China. Hay sent
notes to countries with leaseholds in China asking to keep ports open to all nations.
Hay expected all powers would abide by this plan.
E. Secret Chinese societies were organized to end foreign control. Members of the Boxers
started the Boxer Rebellion. Group members invaded foreign embassies in Beijing and
killed more than 200 foreigners and took others prisoner. An international force
stopped the rebellion in August 1900.
F. Theodore Roosevelt won the Noble Peace prize in 1906 for
his efforts in ending the war between Japan and Russia.
G. After the peace treaty between Japan and Russia, relations
between the United States and Japan worsened. Each nation
wanted greater influence in Asia. They agreed to respect each
other’s territorial possessions, to uphold the Open Door
policy, and to support China’s independence.
H. The Great White Fleet, 16 battleships of the new United
States Navy, was sent around the world to show the country’s
military strength. Visiting Japan did not help the tension
that already existed.
Caribbean
A. In 1901 the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty signed by the U.S. and Great Britain gave the
United States exclusive rights to build and control any proposed canal through Central
America. A French company that had begun to build a canal through Panama offered
to sell its rights and property in Panama to the United States. In 1903 Panama was still
a part of Colombia, which refused John Hay’s offer to purchase the land and gain
rights to build the canal.
B. Panamanians decided to declare their independence from Colombia and make their
own deal with the United States to build the canal. The short uprising against
Colombia was supported by the United States, which sent ships to Panama to prevent
Colombia from interfering.
C. The United States recognized Panama’s independence, and the two nations signed a
treaty to have the canal built. Construction of the 50-mile canal took ten years. It
shortened the distance from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean by about 8,000 nautical
miles.
Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy
D. The 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
stated that the United States would intervene in Latin
American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and
political stability in the Western Hemisphere. The corollary
was first applied to the Dominican Republic when it fell
behind in its debt payments to European nations. Latin
American nations resented the growing American influence.
E. The new president of the United States, William Howard
Taft, continued Roosevelt’s policies. He believed that if
American business leaders supported Latin America and
Asian development, everyone would benefit. His policy came
to be called dollar diplomacy.