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The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
PART THREE
More Materials of Music
“All music is nothing more than a
succession of impulses that converge
towards a definite point of repose.”
—Igor Stravinsky
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Unit V
The Organization of Musical Sounds
“Composing is like driving down a foggy road
toward a house. Slowly you see more details
of the house, the color and slates and bricks,
the shape of the windows. The notes are the
bricks and mortar of the house.”
—Benjamin Britten
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
17. Musical Systems
• A vibrating string sounds a certain pitch
• Octave is basic interval
• Western octave: 12 equal semitones
– (half steps)
• Major/minor scales: 7 pitches drawn from
the 12
Billings:”Chester” (octave doubling)
Vivaldi: Concerto for Piccolo (major key)
Vivaldi: Concerto Grosso (minor key)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Formation of Major and Minor Scales
• 12 semitones make up chromatic scale
– White keys on a keyboard
– Black keys on a keyboard
– Two half steps = whole step
Octave
&
#
#
#
#
half steps
whole step
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
#
White Keys: C D E F G A B C
Black keys are in between the white keys
• Up a scale sharp ( # )
• Down a scale flat ( b )
• Black key above C is C#, D is D#, etc.
• Black key below D is Db, E is Eb, etc.
&
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Key
• Tonic
&
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Major Scale
• Do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do
• No black keys between E and F (mi–fa) or
B and C (ti–do)
• E–F and B–C are half steps
• Other white keys are whole step apart
&
Do
re
mi
fa
sol
la
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
ti
do
Major Scales Pattern
• Major mode: w w h w w w h
Tonic (do)
Dominant (sol)
&
Do
re
mi
fa
sol
la
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
ti
do
The Minor Scale
• Minor mode: w h w w h w w
&
b
Do
re
mi
fa
sol
b
b
la
ti
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
do
Chromaticism
• Tones foreign to a key
weaken the tonic relationship
– Chromatic tones
– Diatonic tones
C major scale
&
#
#
#
#
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
#
Other Scale Types
• Non-Western
Pentatonic (5 note)
Tritonic (3 note)
Heptatonic (7 note)
Microtonal scale
Pentatonic Scale
&
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Different Ascending and Descending Patterns
• Indian ragas
Ascending
&
b
b
b
Descending
&
b
b
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
b
18. Aspects of the Major-Minor System
• Using new key or temporarily shifting
the tonal center
Original melody
&
Transposed melody (up a 4th)
&
b
Modulation (relative minor)
&
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Active and Rest Chords
• Tonic triad
• Dominant triad
• Subdominant triad
&
1
tonic
2
3
4
subdominant
5
6
dominant
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
7
8(1)
The Key as a Form-Building Element
•
•
•
•
Key provides musical unity
Movement from key to key creates a form
Home key provides unity
Foreign key provides variety and contrast
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
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The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition