Download File - Dr. Jerry Cronin

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College
CHAPTER
8
Joints: Part B
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Synovial Joints
• Six types, based on shape of articular
surfaces:
• Plane
• Hinge
• Pivot
• Condyloid
• Saddle
• Ball and socket
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Plane Joints
• Nonaxial joints
• Flat articular surfaces
• Short gliding movements
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
b
a Plane joint (intercarpal joint)
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7a
Hinge Joints
• Uniaxial joints
• Motion along a single plane
• Flexion and extension only
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
b Hinge joint (elbow joint)
b
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7b
Pivot Joints
• Rounded end of one bone conforms to a
“sleeve,” or ring of another bone
• Uniaxial movement only
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
b
c Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint)
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7c
Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints
• Biaxial joints
• Both articular surfaces are oval
• Permit all angular movements
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
b
d Condyloid joint
(metacarpophalangeal joint)
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7d
Saddle Joints
• Biaxial
• Allow greater freedom of movement than
condyloid joints
• Each articular surface has both concave and
convex areas
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
e Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint
of thumb)
b
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7e
Ball-and-Socket Joints
• Multiaxial joints
• The most freely moving synovial joints
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
f
Nonaxial
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multiaxial
c
b
f Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint)
a
e
d
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7f
Knee Joint
• Largest, most complex joint of body
• Three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity:
• Femoropatellar joint:
• Plane joint
• Allows gliding motion during knee flexion
• Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the
femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial
menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia
• Allow flexion, extension, and some rotation when
knee is partly flexed
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Movement at the knee joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Femur
Articular
capsule
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Lateral
meniscus
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Tibia
Tendon of
quadriceps
femoris
Suprapatellar
bursa
Patella
Subcutaneous
prepatellar bursa
Synovial cavity
Lateral meniscus
Infrapatellar
fat pad
Deep infrapatellar
bursa
Patellar ligament
(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8a
Anterior
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Articular
cartilage on
lateral tibial
condyle
Articular
cartilage
on medial
tibial
condyle
Lateral
meniscus
Medial
meniscus
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
the menisci and cruciate ligaments
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8b
Knee Joint
• At least 12 associated bursae
• Capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons:
• E.g., quadriceps and semimembranosus tendons
• Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly
• Anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to:
• Lateral and medial patellar retinacula
• Patellar ligament
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Quadriceps
femoris muscle
Tendon of
quadriceps
femoris muscle
Patella
Lateral patellar
retinaculum
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Medial patellar
retinaculum
Tibial collateral
ligament
Patellar ligament
Fibula
Tibia
(c) Anterior view of right knee
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8c
Knee Joint
• Capsular and extracapsular ligaments
• Help prevent hyperextension
• Intracapsular ligaments:
• Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
• Prevent anterior-posterior displacement
• Reside outside the synovial cavity
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tendon of
adductor magnus
Medial head of
gastrocnemius
muscle
Popliteus
muscle (cut)
Tibial collateral
ligament
Tendon of
semimembranosus
muscle
Femur
Articular capsule
Oblique popliteal
ligament
Lateral head of
gastrocnemius
muscle
Bursa
Fibular collateral
ligament
Arcuate popliteal
ligament
Tibia
(d) Posterior view of the joint capsule,
including ligaments
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8d
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Lateral condyle
of femur
Lateral
meniscus
Tibia
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Medial condyle
Tibial collateral
ligament
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Medial meniscus
Patellar ligament
Patella
Fibula
Quadriceps tendon
(e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate
ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps
tendon cut and reflected distally)
PLAY
Animation: Rotatable knee
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8e
Lateral
Hockey puck
Medial
Patella
(outline)
Tibial collateral
ligament
(torn)
Medial
meniscus (torn)
Anterior
cruciate
ligament (torn)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.9
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
• Ball-and-socket joint: head of humerus and
glenoid fossa of the scapula
• Stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of
movement
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Acromion
of scapula
Coracoacromial
ligament
Subacromial
bursa
Fibrous
articular capsule
Tendon
sheath
Synovial cavity
of the glenoid
cavity containing
synovial fluid
Hyaline
cartilage
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule
Tendon of
long head
of biceps
brachii muscle
Humerus
(a) Frontal section through right shoulder joint
PLAY
Animation: Rotatable shoulder
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.10a
Shoulder Joint
• Reinforcing ligaments:
• Coracohumeral ligament—helps support the
weight of the upper limb
• Three glenohumeral ligaments—somewhat
weak anterior reinforcements
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Shoulder joint
• Reinforcing muscle tendons:
• Tendon of the long head of biceps:
• Travels through the intertubercular groove
• Secures the humerus to the glenoid cavity
• Four rotator cuff tendons encircle the shoulder joint:
• Subscapularis
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Teres minor
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Rotator cuff muscles: An overview (a)
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Rotator cuff muscles: An overview (b)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Acromion
Coracoacromial
ligament
Subacromial
bursa
Coracohumeral
ligament
Coracoid
process
Articular
capsule
reinforced by
glenohumeral
ligaments
Subscapular
Greater
bursa
tubercle
of humerus
Tendon of the
Transverse
subscapularis
humeral
muscle
ligament
Scapula
Tendon sheath
Tendon of long
head of biceps
brachii muscle
(c) Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.10c
Acromion
Coracoid process
Articular capsule
Glenoid cavity
Glenoid labrum
Tendon of long head
of biceps brachii muscle
Glenohumeral ligaments
Tendon of the
subscapularis muscle
Scapula
Posterior
Anterior
(d) Lateral view of socket of right shoulder joint,
humerus removed
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.10d
Elbow Joint
• Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus
• Hinge joint formed mainly by trochlear notch
of ulna and trochlea of humerus
• Flexion and extension only
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Movement at the elbow joint
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.