Download Comparative Vertebrate Physiology

Comparative Vertebrate
Physiology
Vertebrate nervous systems
CNS organization
Spinal cord

White matter
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
axons
Gray matter


highly organized
cell bodies
Spinal cord
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Somatotopy
Ascending and descending tracts
Sensory - motor coordination
Sensory input - motor output
Sensory-motor coordination

Sensory and motor cortex
Brain development


Develops from a hollow, fluid-filled neural
tube
Divisions



prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon
Brain development

Forebrain

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telencephalon
diencephalon
Midbrain
Hindbrain


metencephalon
myelencephalon
Brain

Location of major structures
Brain evolution
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Traits

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increase in cerebrum size
cerebellum folded in birds and mammals
Hypothalamus

Physiological role - hormone release
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Thermoregulation (prostaglandins)
Renal (ADH)
Reproduction (oxytocin, GnRH)
Medulla oblongata

Cardiovascular center


Signals from baroreceptors, chemoreceptors
Respiratory center

Signals from stretch receptors
ANS organization
ANS organization
Sympathetic
 T1 - L2
 paravertebral
 ganglia far from target organ
Parasympathetic
 cranial, S2 - S4
 ganglia close to target organ
Effects of divisions
Organ
Heart muscle
Gut
Glands (salivary)
Gastric
Sweat
Sympathetic
stimulation
Parasympathetic
stimulation
increase
decrease
decrease
increase
slight secretion
slight secretion
copious secretion
copious secretion
copious secretion
none
Basal metabolism
increase
none
Eye (pupil)
dilation
contraction
Lungs
dilate bronchioles
constrict bronchioles
Pharmacology



All preganglionic are cholinergic (Ach)
Postganglionic neurons of sympathetic are
adrenergic (norepinepherine)
Postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic are
cholinergic (Ach)
Summary