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UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS - HUMERUS
HUMERUS (ARM BONE)
DISTAL HUMERUS:
CONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS
Parts of condyle of humerus are:
•  MEDIAL EPICONDYLE
•  LATERAL EPICONDYLE
•  TROCHLEA
•  CAPITULUM
•  OLECRANON
•  COROID
•  RADIAL FOSSA
MEDIAL EPICONDYLE:
•  gives origin to superficial flexor muscles of the forearm
•  grooved posteriorly by ulnar nerve
•  the ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondyle can be bumbed or compressed, causing
‘funny bone’, paresthesia
LATERAL EPICONDYLE:
•  gives origin to superficial extensor muscles of the forearm
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS - HUMERUS
HUMERUS (ARM BONE)
DISTAL HUMERUS:
TROCHLEA:
•  arTficial surface for arTculaTon with the proximal end (trochlear
notch) of the ulna
CAPITULUM:
•  arTficial surface for arTculaTon with the head of the radius
OLECRANON:
•  accomodates the olecranon of the ulna during full extension of the
elbow
COROID:
•  receives the coroid process of the ulna during full extension of the
elbow
RADIAL FOSSA:
•  accomodates the edge of the head of the radius when the forearm is
fully flexed
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS FOREARM – ULNA AND
FOREARM
RADIUS
BONES OF FOREARM:
ULNA:
•  is medial and longer of the two forearm bones
RADIUS:
•  is the lateral and shorter bone
TWO PARALLEL BONES
THE RADIUS CAN PIVOT THE ULNA
SUPINATIONA AND PRONATION ARE POSSIBLE
ULNA
•  medial bone
The ulna is specialized for arTculaTon
with:
•  the humerus proximally
•  the head of the radius laterally
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS -
THE ULNA DOES NOT REACH AND DOES NOT
PARTICIPATE IN THE WRIST JOINT
FOREARM
FOREARM – ULNA AND
RADIUS
ULNA - PROXIMAL
•  Olecranon is separated from skin by olecranon bursa
•  Coronoid process is distal a]achment of brachialis muscle
•  Radial notch is lateral facet for head of radius at proximal radioulnar joint
ULNA – DISTAL
At the narrow distal end there are:
•  head of the ulna (disc-like)
•  with small conical ulnar styloid process
Distal ulna is separated from carpal bones by arTcular disc (triangular
ligament) of radiocarpal joint.
The ulna does not reach the wrist joint.
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS •  TUBEROSITY
FOREARM
•  SHAFT
•  ULNAR NOTCH
•  RADIAL STYLOID
PROCESS
RADIUS
is lateral of the two forearm bones
The radius bone includes:
•  HEAD
•  NECK
FOREARM – ULNA AND
RADIUS
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS -
FOREARM
FOREARM – ULNA AND
RADIUS
RADIUS:
HEAD
•  arTculates proximally with capitulum and medially with radial notch of ulna at
proximal radioulnar joint
•  encircled by strong anular ligament except
at radial notch of ulna
NECK
•  related to deep radial nerve as
it pierces supinator muscle
TUBEROSITY
•  inserTon of biceps brachii tendon, just
lateral to brachial artery
ULNAR NOTCH
•  medial facet for head of ulna at distal radioulnar joint
RADIAL STYLOID PROCESS
•  lateral prolongaTon of radius palpable in anatomical snukox
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS – BONES OF HAND
BONES OF HAND
BONES OF HAND
The bones of hand are following:
•  THE WRIST composed of 8 CARPAL BONES – proximal and distal rows
•  THE METACARPUS composed of 5 METACARPAL BONES
•  THE DIGITS – each digit has 3 PHALANGES, except the thumb
CARPAL BONES
•  arranged in proximal and distal rows of 4
•  the carpus is concave anteriory
PROXIMAL ROW:
lateral to medial: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform
DISTAL ROW:
lateral to medial: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS – BONES OF HAND
WRIST - CARPUS
CARPAL BONES – how to memorize?! lateral to
medial
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate
(PROXIMAL ROW)
(DISTAL ROW)
SENTENCE:
Some Lovers Try PosiTons
That They Can't Handle
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS – BONES OF HAND
WRIST - CARPUS
CARPAL BONES
PROXIMAL ROW:
•  arTculates at radiocarpal joint except for pisiform
DISTAL ROW:
•  arTculates with proximal row of carpal bones at midcarpal joint and with
metacarpal bones at metacarpophalangeal joints
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS – BONES OF HAND
WRIST - CARPUS
CARPAL BONES –
PROXIMAL ROW
SCAPHOID:
•  arTculates with radius
and with lunate,
trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate
•  largest bone in the
proximal row
LUNATE:
•  arTculates with radius
and with scaphoid,
capitate, triquetrum
TRIQUETRUM:
•  arTculates with arTcular
disc of the distal radioulnar joint and with
pisiform, lunate,
hamate
PISIFORM:
•  arTculates with
triquetrum
CARPAL BONES – DISTAL
ROW
TRAPEZIUM:
•  arTculates with 1st and
2nd metacarpals and
with scaphoid,
trapezoid
TRAPEZOID:
•  arTculates with 2nd
metacarpal and with
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS –
scaphoid, trapezium,
capitate
CAPITATE:
•  arTculates with 3rd
metacarpal and with
scaphoid, trapezoid,
hamate, lunate
HAMATE:
•  arTculates with 4th and
5th metacarpals and
with capitate,
triquetrum
BONES OF HAND
CARPAL BONES
SCAPHOID
•  lies in floor of anatomical snukox
WRIST CARPUS
•  scaphoid fractures may not show on radiographs for 10
days to 2 weeks, but deep tenderness will be present
in the anatomical snukox. Deep tenderness in
anatomical snukox: scaphoid fracture
TRAPEZIUM
•  forms a saddle joint with 1st and 2nd metacarpal
bones
HAMATE
•  on its palmar surface has prominent hook of
hamate. The hook of the hamate bone frequently is
fractured in racket sports and golf.
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS –
BONES OF HAND
BONES OF
HAND
BONES OF HAND
THE METACARPUS composed of 5 METACARPAL BONES
METACARPAL BONES - each metacarpal consists of:
•  base
•  shaU
•  head
The first metacarpal (of the thumb) is the thickest and
shortest of these bones
The third metacarpal is disTnguished by a styloid
process on the lateral side of its base
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS –
BONES OF HAND
BONES OF
HAND
BONES OF HAND
THE DIGITS – each digit has 3 PHALANGES, except the
thumb
PHALANGES BONES - each phalanx has:
•  base
•  shaU (body)
•  head
Two in thumb; three each in fingers 2-5
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND JOINTS – JOINTS
JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB
JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB
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GLENOHUMERAL (SHOULDER) JOINT
ELBOW JOINT
JOINTS OF WRIST
STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINTS
ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINTS
RADIO-ULNAR JOINTS: PROXIMAL AND DISTAL
INTERCARPALS JOINTS
CARPOMETACARPAL JOINTS
INTERMETACARPAL JOINTS
METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS
INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND
JOINTS – JOINTS
GLENOHUMERAL
(SHOULDER) JOINT
GLENOHUMERAL (SHOULDER) JOINT TYPE:
•  synovial ball-and-socket joint
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
•  between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
•  glenoid cavity is deepened by glenoid labrum
The glenoid cavity
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GLENOHUMERAL (SHOULDER) JOINT
LIGAMENTS:
•  GLENOHUMERAL LIGAMENTS – INTRINSIC
•  CORACOHUMERAL LIGAMENT – INTRINSIC
•  TRANSVERSE HUMERAL LIGAMENT
•  CORACO-ACROMIAL LIGAMENT
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND
JOINTS – JOINTS
GLENOHUMERAL
(SHOULDER) JOINT
GLENOHUMERAL (SHOULDER) JOINT
LIGAMENTS:
•  intrinsic, glenohumeral ligaments are 3 fibrous bands, reinforce
the anterior part of the joint capsule, spanning between the
glenoid labrum and the anatomical neck
GLENOHUMERAL (SHOULDER) JOINT
LIGAMENTS:
•  intrinsic, glenohumeral ligaments are 3 fibrous bands, reinforce
the anterior part of the joint capsule, spanning between the
glenoid labrum and the anatomical neck
•  intrinsic, coracohumeral ligament reinforces superior part of the
joint capsule, between coracoid process and the greater
tubercle
•  transverse humeral ligament: runs obliquely from the
greater to the lesser tubercle (extends between tubercles
of the humerus), converts the groove into the canal for
tendon of long head of biceps
•  coraco-acromial ligament spanning between acromion and
coracoid process
UPPER LIMB – BONES AND
GLENOHUMERAL
JOINTS – JOINTS
(SHOULDER) JOINT
GLENOHUMERAL (SHOULDER) JOINT
MOVEMENTS:
•  joint has more freedom of movement than any other joint in the
body
•  freedom results from the laxity of its joint capsule and large size
of the humeral head compared with the small size of the glenoid
cavity
The glenohumeral joint allows movements:
•  around three axes
•  and permits flexion-extension, abducTon-adducTon, rotaTon and
circumducTon
Responsible for two-thirds (120°) of possible shoulder flexion
and abducTon; upward rotaTon of scapula by serratus anterior
and trapezius responsible for other 60°
UPPER LIMB – BONES
AND JOINTS – JOINTS
ELB
OW
JOI
NT
ELBOW JOINT
TYPE:
•  hinge type of synovial joint, consisTng of humeroradial and
humeroulnar joints
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
•  the spool-shaped trochlea and spheroidal capitulum of the
humerus arTculate
•  with the trochlear notch (of the ulna) and concave head of the
radius (radial arTculate)
ELBOW JOINT
ELBOW JOINT
LIGAMENTS:
•  radial collateral ligament
•  ulnar collateral ligament
•  anular ligament of the radius
MOVEMENTS:
•  flexion and extension occur at the
elbow joint
•  the fully extended ulna makes an angle
0
of approximately 170
•  carrying angle
of the elbow
joint: men 100
15 , women
>15
UPPER LIMB – BONES
AND JOINTS – JOINTS
WRIST
JOINT
(RADIOCAR
0
WR
IST
JOI
NT
PAL JOINT)
TYPE:
•  condyloid (ellipsoid) type of synovial joint
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
•  the ulna does not parTcipate in the wrist joint
•  distal end of the radius and the arTcular disc of the distal radioulnar joint arTculate with the proximal row of carpal bones
(except pisiform)
WRIST JOINT (RADIOCARPAL
JOINT)
LIGAMENTS:
•  palmar radiocarpal ligaments
•  dorsal radiocarpal ligaments
•  and the ulnar collateral
ligaments, radial collateral
ligaments
WRIST JOINT
(RADIOCARPAL JOINT)
MOVEMENTS:
•  flexion-extension
•  abducTon-adducTon
•  circumducTon
UPPER LIMB – BONES
AND JOINTS – JOINTS
ACROMIOCLAVI
CULAR JOINT
ACROMIOCL
AVICULAR
JOINT TYPE:
•  plane type of synovial joint
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
•  formed between acromion and lateral end of clavicle
•  are separated by an incompleted wedge-shaped arTcular disc
ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT (AC JOINT)
MOVEMENTS:
•  the acromion (of the scapula) rotates on the acromial end (of
the clavicle)
•  movements are associated with moTon of the physiological
scapulothoracic joint
•  no muscle connect the arTculaTng bone to move AC joint
UPPER LIMB – BONES
AND JOINTS – JOINTS
Falling on an outstretched hand or a
point of the shoulder oUen
dislocates the acromioclavicular
joint (shoulder separaTon).
Shoulder separaTon:
acromioclavicular joint dislocates
with tearing of the coracoclavicular
ligament.
RADIOULNAR
JOINTS
PROXIMAL
(SUPERIOR) RADIOULNAR JOINT TYPE:
•  pivot type of synovial joint, that allows movement of the head of
the radius on the ulna
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
•  joints allows head of radius to rotate in ring formed by radial
notch of ulna and anular ligament, its main stabilizer
•  joint shares arTcular cavity with elbow joint
UPPER LIMB – BONES
AND JOINTS – JOINTS
PROXIMAL (SUPERIOR) RADIO-ULNAR JOINT
MOVEMENTS:
•  pronaTon and supinaTon of the forearm
Necessary
for
pronaTon
and
supinaTon of
forearm,
compensaTn
g for lack of
rotaTon at
wrist
RADIOULNAR
JOINTS
•  supinaTon turns the palm anteriorly
•  pronaTon turns the palm posteriorly
During pronaTon and supinaTon, the radius
rotates.
The end of radius rotates around the head of the
ulna.
LiUing a preschool child by the forearm or hand may
dislocate the head of the radius from the
anular ligament.
UPPER LIMB – BONES
RADIOAND JOINTS – JOINTS
ULNAR
JOINTS
DISTAL
(INFERIOR)
RADIO-ULNAR
JOINT TYPE:
•  pivot type of synovial joint, the radius moves around the
relaTvely fixed distal end of the ulna
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
•  joint between head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius
•  fibrocarTlaginous arTcular disc (reffered as the triangular
ligament) separaTng it from radiocarpal joint
Necessary for pronaTon and supinaTon of
forearm,
compensaTng for lack
of rotaTon at wrist
DISTAL (INFERIOR) RADIO-ULNAR JOINT
MOVEMENTS:
•  pronaTon – during pronaTon of the forearm and hand, distal
end of the radius rotates anteriorly and medially, crossing
over the ulna anteriorly
•  supinaTon – during supinaTon, the radius uncrosses from
the ulna – bones become parallel.
UPPER LIMB – BONES
INTERCA
AND JOINTS – JOINTS
RPAL
JOINTS
INTERC
ARPAL
JOINTS
(IC
JOINTS)
TYPE:
•  plane type of synovial joints, which may be summarized as
follows:
•  joints between the carpal bones of the proximal row
•  joints between the carpal bones of the distal row
•  the midcarpal joint – complex joint between the proximal
and distal rows of carpal bones
•  pisotriquetral joint – arTculaTon of the pisiform with the
triquetrum
MOVEMENTS:
•  occur with movements at the wrist joint,
•  augmneTng them and increasing the overall range of movement
UPPER LIMB – BONES
JOINTS
AND JOINTS – JOINTS
OF THE
HAND
CARPOMETACARPAL JOINTS (CMC JOINTS)
INTERMETAC
ARPAL JOINTS
(IM JOINTS)
TYPE:
•  plane type of synovial joint, except CMC joints of the thumb –
it’s a saddle type
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
•  CMC joint of the thumb is between the trapezium and the base
of the first metacarpal – it has separate arTcular cavity
•  IM joints occur between the radial and ulnar aspects of the base
of the metacarpals
MOVEMENTS:
•  CMC joint of the thumb permits: flexion-extension, abducTonadducTon or circumducTon
•  the movement essenTal to opposiTon of the thumb occurs here
•  2nd, 3rd, 4th digit is slightly mobile
•  5th digit is moderately mobile
UPPER LIMB – BONES
JOINTS
AND JOINTS – JOINTS
OF THE
HAND
METACARPALPHARYNGEAL JOINTS (MP JOINTS)
INTERPHARY
NGEAL
JOINTS (IP
JOINTS)
TYPE:
•  the metacarpalpharyngeal joints are the condyloid type of
synovial joint
•  the interpharyngeal joints are the hinge type of synovial joint
ARTICULAR SURFACES:
•  MP joints: the heads of the metacarpals arTculate with the base
of the proximal phalanges
•  IP joints: the heads of the phalanges arTculate with the bases of
distally phalanges
MOVEMENTS:
•  the MP joints permit movement in two planes: flexion-extension
and adducTon-abducTon
•  the IP joints permit in one plane: flexion-extension