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The circulatory System is comprised: *Blood *Blood vessels *Heart The circulatory system carries blood to and from all the cells of our body. • It brings cells nourishment and other important molecules, and takes away their wastes. • Is a fluid tissue. • Is red and viscous. • Blood constituents: is made up of: Plasma and the Blood cells. • On average our body contains 5.6 L for males and 4.5 L for females, of blood but we can lose up to 1 L before it becomes life threatening. Plasma • Plasma is clear yellow fluid and makes up 55% of our blood volume. • Plasma contains 90% water and 10% dissolved substances such as : – – – – Nutrients: Ex. Glucose Hormones: Ex. Testosterone Antibodies: Proteins that can destroy bacteria Other Proteins: that help in the coagulation of blood. – Waste Products: Carbon dioxide, urea • Its function is to transport these dissolved substances throughout the body. Blood Cells (Formed Elements) • Makes up 45% of blood volume • Three basic kinds of blood cells : – Red blood cells – White blood cells. – Platelets. • • • • • about 5 billion / mL Red, biconcave disks Made in bone marrow No nucleus, few organelles Contain the protein hemoglobin (contains iron) to transport oxygen(O2) to body cells. • As Hemoglobin takes in oxygen it turns from a wine colour to bright red. • Transports CO2, goes from bright red to wine colour. • Part of the immune system • 4-11 million (5 types) • Provides immunity to defend against invaders such as bacteria and viruses. • made in the bone marrow and can be stored in the lymph nodes until needed • Some can travel outside of the normal blood stream, in the lymphatic system to track down sites of infections. Platelets – 150-400 million – Irregular shaped – Come from large cells in bone marrow – Transparent cells – Function in blood-clotting process. Blood Types. • There are 8 different blood types in humans, based on the ABO-Rh system. • A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O• Blood type is determined by the kind of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cells of a person. • An antigen is a protein or carbohydrate that acts as a label, to signal the body to recognize foreign substances that enter the body. Antigens and Antibodies. • There are 3 basic antigens that can be found on the surface of red blood cells : – Antigen A – Antigen B – Antigen Rh • There are also 3 basic antibodies corresponding to these antigens : – Anti- A, B, and Rh, each react to their particular antigen and cause the blood to clump together. Antigens and Antibodies. • A person with antigen A and the Rh factor on their RBC’s is said to be of type A+ . • This also means that their plasma will contain the antibodies against the B antigen, but not against A or Rh. • A person with antigens A,B and Rh has no antibodies against these in their plasma. They are said to be AB + blood. • A person with no antigens (type O -) will have all the antibodies in their plasma. (A, B, Rh ) Blood Transfusions. • The injection of blood into a person. • Donor: person giving blood for the purpose of a transfusion. • Recipient: person who receives blood from a transfusion. • Donor’s blood cannot contain any antigens that the recipient’s blood doesn’t have. • O- is a universal donor because it has no antigen for the antibodies to react to. • AB+ is the universal receiver • Blood Compatibility: one person can receive blood from another person. The Cardiovascular System •Comprised of blood, blood vessels and the heart. • The blood vessels act as a closed circuit for transportation. • Circulation due to pressure supplied by the heart. • Three types: – Arteries “red” – Veins “blue” – Capillaries “both” • Contain blood that is being sent away from the heart to body parts. • transport blood high in Oxygen and low in Carbon Dioxide • Exception: pulmonary artery • Arteries are largest blood vessels. • thick walled and under high pressure, which is why we can feel a pulse every time the heart beats. • Largest: Aorta→ main lead from heart. • Arteries branch into arterioles (small arteries) which branch into capillaries. Arteries Capillaries • These are the smallest blood vessels • Narrow and are single-cell thick allowing for gas exchange, both at the lungs and at the cells. • connect the arteries to the veins. • Exchange site for nutrients and cellular waste. • Nutrients and gas pass from capillaries to extracellular fluid to cells. • Waste travels the reverse path. • Capillaries lead into venules (small veins) Veins that lead into veins that carry blood towards the heart with the aid of one-way valves and muscle contractions. • Mainly transporting CO2 • Exception: pulmonary vein • thinner walls than arteries • No pulse and are under low blood pressure • Largest: Vena Cava (superior & inferior) leading towards heart. Varicose veins *In a normal vein, the valves close to prevent backward flow of blood. *In a varicose vein, the flaps cannot close because the vein is abnormally widened, blood can flow in the wrong direction. Blood Flow • Oxygenated blood flows from heart arteries arterioles capillaries (gas exchange) deoxygenated blood (CO2) venules veins heart. • The heart is the pump of the circulatory (cardiovascular) system. • ~size of fist, located in thoracic cage between lungs. • It is composed of 4 chambers; the left and right atria and left and right ventricles. • The left and right sides of the heart are separated by a septum. • The left atrium receives O2 blood from lungs via pulmonary vein and pumps it down into left ventricle. The ventricle pumps into the Aorta. • The right atrium receives CO2 blood from vena cavas and pumps it down into right ventricle. The ventricle pumps blood to lungs via pulmonary artery. Chambers of the heart. • control the flow of blood, making sure that it flows in only one direction. • found in the heart and in the veins, especially those of the legs, where they help to return the blood back up to the heart. • Valves between the atria and ventricles are called atrioventricular valves. • Atrioventricular valves: tricuspid valve (right side), mitral valve (left side) Septum Circulation • Pulmonary circulation: blood circulation between the right side of the heart and the lungs. • Rich in CO2 passes through right ventricle pulmonary artery pulmonary arterioles pulmonary capillaries of the lungs pulmonary venules pulmonary vein left atrium. • Gas exchange between capillaries and alveoli. • Blood rich in O2 returns via pulmonary vein towards left side of heart. • Is a shorter route. Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation • Blood circulation between the left side of the heart and the rest of the body (both upper and lower regions). • Blood is rich in O2 as it leaves the left ventricle and enters aorta. • Leads to smaller arteries and arterioles to capillaries • Drops off O2, nutrients and other substances, picks up CO2 and other waste. • Blood returns to heart via the superior and inferior vena cava. • Is a longer route. • Diastolic pressure : Is the pressure inside of the arteries after the contraction, when the heart muscle relaxes the atria refills with blood (diastole). • Systolic pressure : Is the pressure inside the arteries at the moment of the muscular contraction of the heart’s ventricles (systole). • The tool used to measure blood pressure is called a : Sphygmomanometer. • Optimal blood pressure in an adult at rest is 120/80 mmHg, in which 120 describes systolic pressure and 80 describes diastolic pressure. • Your pulse is a wave of high pressure that can be felt at the arteries following the contraction of the ventricles of the heart. (Systolic pressure) • The average pulse for a human at rest is around 75 beats / minute. • The maximum amount of times your heart can beat in a minute is calculated by: 220 – age. • High blood pressure/Hypertension: condition that can lead to cardiovascular disease. • Constricted arteries decreases blood flow, causes excessive pressure against vessel walls. The heart works harder to pump blood through the narrowed arteries. • If the condition persists, damage to the heart and blood vessels is likely, increases risk for stroke, heart attack, and kidney or heart failure. • Hypertension is defined as blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mm HG at rest. FYI • Is a system of thin tubes that runs parallel to the circulatory system. • It is the go-between for the circulatory system and cells. •The exchange of substances, ex: nutrients, occurs between the extracellular/interstitial fluid. • Extracellular fluid: clear liquid surrounds cells, contains water, white blood cells and other substances from plasma. Blood (in capillaries) Lymphatic Vessels • These tubes are called lymphatic vessels. • The lymphatic vessels branch through all parts of the body carrying a colourless liquid called lymph (extracellular fluid). • Muscle contractions move the lymph through the vessels and the large vessels contain valves to keep the flow in the right direction. • Water constantly leaks out of plasma into extracellular fluid, this fluid becomes lymph. • Lymph contains a high number of lymphocytes (white blood cells), cellular waste and water. • Lymph is eventually returned to the circulatory system via the veins. • Along the lymph vessels are small bean-shaped lymph nodes or glands: they act as filters of the blood and lymph to fight off infections. • High concentration of white blood cells. • White blood cells leave capillaries through a process called diapedesis. They do this by altering their shape to pass through the pores. • Foreign invaders usually make their way into extracellular fluid, lymph or blood. Lymph nodes/ glands 3) Fighting infection • Makes special white blood cells (lymphocytes) that produce antibodies • Lymphocytes consume invaders through phagocytosis. • Phagocytosis: white blood cells ingest and destroy microorganisms. • Antibodies recognize antigens of specific invaders. • Can neutralize invader and/or mark for destruction. • Antigens are substances recognized as foreign by the body triggering production of antibodies. • White blood cells are immunizing: can remember how to produce a particular antibody. The Lymphatic System also includes: • Spleen→ acts a filter for lymph fluid: destroys any microorganisms and worn out red blood cells. Aids in production of red blood cells. • Thymus → produces white blood cells. • Tonsils → protects entrance of oral and nasal cavity from bacteria and viruses. The lymphatic system does three main jobs in the body: 1) Drains fluid back into the bloodstream from the tissues 2) Filters lymph through spleen 3) Fights infections