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ENGLISH WORD BLENDS EVA NURFATIMAH Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Letters, 2010 Gunadarma University http://www.gunadarma.ac.id Abstract Word blend is one of interesting things in morphology. But it is not an easy task to analyze it, to be exact. But the writer interests to learn about English Word Blend by studying its methods and its types. The writer is aimed to identify the source word of word blend, so that people can understand the meaning of the word blends. It is also to describe the type of word blends. The research is used a qualitative method. The data is taken from a book entitled New Word edited by Orin Hargraves, Oxford University Press. 2004, New York. The logic reasons and many supporting data in this research are stated objectively, which means it all supported with trustable source of data and information. The finding of this research is, there are 4 structural formations and 3 types of word blend. Those methods are coining beginning and ending elements of words, coining each beginning of two words, coining two words that have a common sequence sounds, and the last is coining two words that have multiple sounds. And the types are phonemic overlap, clipping, and phonemic overlap and clipping. But those are not certain standard among linguists. Key words: Word blend, source words, qualitative, structural formation, type. INTRODUCTION Background A word blend is one of the morphological processes in forming new words. It has been an important thing in studying language. Two existing words are compounded to form one new word and gather both meanings in that new word. Word blend has been a complicated and interesting problem to analyze. The reason why it exists, how the concatenation is, how to gather the meaning, for what it is used, are just some little complication task. It is a complex uniqueness, to be exact. For all those considerations, the writer is eager to learn more about word blend. The interest and curiosity make the writer comes to decide English Word Blends as the title of this research. Problem Formulation The writer has formulated such questions as the problem formulation of this research, those are: 1. How many types of word-blends are there in English? 2. What is the structural formation of word-blends in English? Aim of the Study The aims of this research are: 1. To describe the types of word-blends in English. 2. To identify the structural formation word blends in English. Significant of the Study This research is a part of knowledge development in linguistic field. This is not a new research but the study itself has many roles for language learners. Actually this study has concern to one matter, it is meaning. Its method is the way to understand the meaning of word blends. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Word Formation Word formation is a morphological process, supposed to form new words by compounding it and or adding prefixes. This term has not had special attention in linguistics. Adams (1973) mentioned the reasons why word formation becomes uninteresting subject to discuss. It is difficult to find a general statement about word-formation. Besides, its connection with non-linguistic world of things and ideas—for which word provide the names and its equivocal position as between descriptive and historical studies (Adams, 1973: 3). Any discussion of word-formation makes two assumptions: that there are such things as words, and that at least some of them are formed (Bauer, 1983: 7). Word can mean ‘word-form’, a unit in writing by preceding and following spaces, and in speech—sometimes—by phonological clues. In this sense, wolves, ride, rides and wolf, and rode are five different words. Word can mean ‘grammatical word’: just as singular wolf and plural wolves or past tense rode and past participle ridden are different grammatical words, so are singular and plural sheep, and past tense walked and past participle walked. And thirdly, word can mean ‘lexeme’, the unit of vocabulary which subsumes grammatical variants and is their representative in dictionaries—the nouns wolf and sheep, the verb ride and walk. When it first element has all three of these senses word synonym of morphology, the study of the structure of words (Adams, 2001: 1). By ‘word-formation processes’ we mean the different devices which are used in English to build new words from existing ones. Each word-formation process will result in the production of specific type of word. Consequently, an formation is a understanding of these processes is one way of studying the different types of word that exist in English (Jackson and Amvela, 2005: 81). Compounds Compounds may be defined as stems consisting of more than one root. Note that the orthographic treatment of compounds is by no means consistent (Jackson and Amvela, 2007: 92). Compounding in English embraces a variety of possible internal—for example, movie star (N+N), nationwide (N+A), undervalue (P+V) (Rutherford, 1998: 387). Clipping Clipping refers to the process whereby a lexeme (simplex or complex) is shortened, while still retaining the same meaning and still being a member of the same form class (Bauer, 1983: 233). Bauer (1983) also mentions that there are three types of clipping. Those are the beginning of the base lexeme, the final part of base lexeme and clipped forms used in compounds. Commonly, clipped forms taken from the beginning of the base lexeme as in recent examples bi (bisexual), binocs (binoculars), porn (pornography) and mike (microphone). But there are also others. It is the final part of the base lexeme which has been retained Cong (Viet Cong), ‘Fro (Afro), loid (celluloid), and Yard (Montagnard). Clipped words are used in compound. For several cases, it is difficult to know whether the resultant formation is a clipping or a blend. The border is not always clear. Word Blend Word blending is one of morphological processes that retain two elements of each word. Most linguists do not really like to discuss about this term because blend has no certain pattern. But some have their own definition about blend. Blends are hybrid words. They are compounds made in an unorthodox way by joining chunks of word-forms belonging to two distinct lexemes (Katamba, 2002: 186). A blend may be defined as a new lexeme formed from parts of two (or possibly more) other words in such a way that there is no transparent analysis into morphs (Bauer, 1983:234). Blends are created from nonmorphemic parts of two already existing items (O’grady, 1997: 139). Word blends are a type of compound where the two morphemes break that strict linear order by overlapping. This requires a many to one correspondence relationship between two segments in the source forms’ and a single segment in word blend. As a result, one of the morphemes is realized simultaneously with a part of the other one. It has been argued that blends are a subcategory used of compounds because the morphemes that participate in word blending just like those that participate in compounding are free or potentially free morphemes. Since a free morpheme is equivalent to morphological word, it follows that both compounding and blending combine morphological word to generate a new lexeme. This new lexeme constitutes a complex morphological word, which will be represented as morphological word. Some linguists have concluded type of blend and method of word blend formation. Bauer (1983) mentioned that there are at least rules as to what the base must be and what the suffix must be for any given pattern: in blending, the coiner is apparently free to take as much or as little from either base as is felt to be necessary or desirable. Pronounce ability and spell ability is far from clear. Mimsy from flimsy and miserable is one of the incense. Other kind of blend is more obvious. In a case, it is true of those blends where the two words used as the bases are though there is overlap. It should be noted that overlap may be in pronunciation, in orthography or both. (Sweet+elegant), slanguage (slang+language), and Swelegant funnimal (funny+animal) are the example of this type. A third kind of blend is the type where the new lexeme looks as though it is or might be analyzable in terms of other word-formation processes, in particular as a neo-classical compound. Workaholic (work+alcoholic), stagflation (stagnation+inflation), pornotopia (pornography+utopia) are clearly recognized as blends by the people who hear them. Adams (1973) mentioned that neo-classical elements productive today may be well-established ones which are compound-elements in the classical languages, and which have been current in English for the same time. Other neo-classical elements have only recently come into use as parts of compound. Since English contains such a large proportion of classical borrowings and has acquired a facility for using them in new coinages, it may be difficult to decide what is a hybrid—that is a word composed of a mixture of classical and native elements. In general, the category of blends is not well-defined. Acronyms An acronym is a word coined by taking the initial letters of the words in a title or phrase and using them as a new word (Bauer, 1983: 237). Words forming a complex expression referring to the name of organization, company or a scientific concept may be reduced to their initial letters alone which together represent sounds that form perfectly acceptable syllables and hence can be pronounced as words (Katamba, 2002: 183). REM (Rapid Eyes Movement) RAM (Random-Access Memory) WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) At the beginning, acronyms are spelt with capital letters as shown above. But, with the passage of time, they are spelt like any other words. RESEARCH METHOD Research Design In this study, the writer conducts a qualitative research as a description of data from the source as well as from the product. One of the characteristics of qualitative research is descriptive research and a sub category of that is documentary analysis. Document is printed paper furnishing information. Thus, the source data found in the dictionary can be required for the analysis of this research. In this one, the documentary analysis focused on the list of word blends from a book entitled New Word edited by Orin Hargraves, Oxford University Press. 2004, New York. Source of the Data This research took all of the data from a book entitled New Word edited by Orin Hargraves, Oxford University Press. 2004, New York. This book was chosen as the source of data because it contains many word blends and they are up to date. Data Collection Procedures 1. Read a book (New Word edited by Orin Hargraves, Oxford University Press. 2004, New York). 2. Identify the word blends on the book. 3. Collect the data by underlining the words. RESULT OF THE STUDY Discussion According to Algeo (1977), there are three types of word blends. Those are phonemic overlap, clipping, and phonemic overlap and clipping. Bauer (1983) also describes there are some kinds of blended word. The first is the coiner is apparently free to take as much or as a little from either base as is felt to be necessary or desirable. Flimserable (fliserable and misemy) is the example of the first type. The second type is overlapping in phonemic as in roasted), brocciflower (broccoli and broast (broil and cauliflower), celebreality (celebrity and reality). Then, the third one is the type where lexemes are thought it is or might be analyzable in terms of other word-formation process. Recent examples are webcam (web and camera), geomatics (geography and informatics), and mochaccino (mocha and cappuccino). While Adams (1973) conducts four types of word-blend. The first in first element is splinter and the second element is a full word. We can see it in advergame (advertisement and game). The second in the first element is a full word and the second element is splinter as in adultescent (adult and adolescent). The third type is the overlapping of vowels, consonants or syllables as in following middiescent (middle and adolescent). The last type is when one constituent echoes in some way the word or word-fragment it replaces; a punning effect is the result. We have already noticed manny, echoing nanny. But for this thesis, the writer uses Algeo’s theory because the measurement and the different are clearer than others. Table 1 Word Blend Classified by Type No. Type Word Blends Advergame 1. Phonemic Affluential Overlap Affluenza Autophathography Broast Brocciflower docusoap ginormous Celebreality feebate greentailing Communiuniversity flexecutive himbo Coopetition gastroporn juneteenth Cosmeceutical gastropub Croning gaydar lactivist loungcore manny mochaccino permalencer pleather prosumer proteome Republicrat ROMvelope Scratchiti Screenager Simulsequeling Snakeboard Teentailer Trustafarian Watsu Webcam Middlescent 2. Clipping Philosopause Prebuttal 3. Phonemic Overlap and Clipping Adultescent Cybrarian Geocaching Geomatics Method is a way to form such purposes. In this case, morphological process is supposed to form new word by coining word to some affixes or compounding ready words to make a new one. Word blend is included to the second process of coining. It is gathering two (or more, if possible) words into one. There are four structural formations or we can also call it the methods according to Adams (1973) and Bauer (1983). The writer can conclude this from the two books. So, the classification is not the certain standard among linguist. The four structural formations are: coining beginning and ending elements of words, coining each beginning of two words, coining two words that have a common sequence sounds, and the last is coining two words that have multiple sounds. Table 2 Word Blend Classified by Structural Formations No. Structural Formations Word Blends coining beginning and Adultescent 1. ending words 2. elements of Advergame Broast Brocciflower Celebreality Cosmeceutical coining each beginning cybrarian of two words docusoap feebate coining two words that gastropub gaydar geocaching geomatics ginormous greentailing himbo juneteenth loungcore middlescent mochaccino permalencer philosopause pleather prebuttal prosumer proteome ROMvelope Scratchiti Simulsequeling Snakeboard Teentailer Trustafarian Watsu Gastroporn Webcam Communiuniversity 3. h a a com Coopetition mon v e sequence sounds Croning Flexecutive Lactivist Many Republicrat screenager Affluential coining two words 4. that Affluenza Autophathography have multiple sounds Summary From the theory of Laurie Bauer (1983) and Valerie Adams (1973) there are four structural formations that can be called methods and three types of word blends. The first method is formatting blend by coining beginning element from the first word and ending element from the second word of the source. The second method is formatting blend by coining every beginning element of the source word. The third method is two words blended around a common sequence of sound. The fourth method is multiple sounds from two component words are blended, while mostly preserving the sounds' order. And the three types of blends are: phonemic overlap, clipping, and phonemic overlap and clipping. Phonemic overlap means each element of two words is shared. Clipping means the shortening of two words and then compounding them. Phonemic overlap and clipping is compounding of two types before. It shares each element and the first or the second element can be formed by clipping. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION Conclusion Based on the data analysis, there are two main conclusions that can be drawn from this study: 1. Types of English word blends. a. Phonemic overlap. b. Clipping. c. Phonemic overlap and clipping. 2. Structural formations of English word blends. a. Coining beginning and ending of elements of words b. Coining each beginning of two words. c. Coining two words that have common sequence sounds. d. Coining two words that have multiple sounds. Suggestion The writer suggests to all readers to make a continuity of this field. The writer did not analyze how to spell such word blends and based on what elements of two existing words are taken. Linguistic field becomes wider and wider time to time. Language is always used by people wherever they are. It is too simple if we see a language only as a communication tools, but inside, language is a tool to express anything, language is the way to understand, language is a way to see, a way to feel, a way to life. It is a fun science.