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BI 231 - Anatomy and Physiology 1 Muscle List Muscles of the Head and Neck Muscle frontalis (frontal belly of occipitofrontalis) orbicularis oculi Origin(s) epicranial aponeurosis medial margin of orbit Insertion(s) skin of eyebrow, bridge of nose skin around eyelid Action(s) raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead closes eye zygomaticus zygomatic bone corner of mouth orbicularis oris maxillary bone & mandible lips buccinator orbicularis oris masseter alveolar processes of maxilla & mandible zygomatic arch temporalis temporal bone platysma fascia of chest (upper thorax) & neck mandible (coronoid process) mandible & skin of cheek retracts and elevates corner of mouth (smiling) compresses, purses lips (kissing) compresses cheeks (whistling) elevates mandible & closes jaw (primary muscle of mastication) elevates mandible sternocleidomastoid sternum (manubrium) & clavicle mandible & temporal bone (mastoid process) temporal bone (styloid process) mandible (mylohyoid line) temporal bone (mastoid process) hyoid sternum (manubrium) & clavicle sternum (manubrium) & 1st costal cartiage hyoid thyroid cartilage of larynx depresses hyoid bone & larynx transverse and costal processes of cervical vertebrae superior surfaces of first two ribs elevate ribs or flex neck digastric stylohyoid mylohyoid sternohyoid sternothyroid scalenes lateral surface of mandibular ramus hyoid hyoid tenses skin of neck & depresses lower lip / mandible (frowning) flexes neck & rotates head depresses mandible & elevates larynx elevates larynx elevates floor of mouth and hyoid bone; depresses mandible depresses hyoid & larynx Muscles of the Shoulder and Anterior Thorax Muscle serratus anterior Origin(s) upper ribs (1-9) Insertion(s) scapula pectoralis major pectoralis minor clavicle, sternum (body), & ribs (2-6) upper ribs (3-5) humerus (greater tubercle & intertubercular groove) scapula (coracoid process) deltoid clavicle & scapula humerus (deltoid tuberosity) Action(s) protracts shoulder; upward rotation of scapula flexes, adducts, & medially rotates humerus depresses and protracs shoulder; downward rotation of scapula; elevates ribs abducts humerus; (ant.) flexes and medially rotates humerus or (post.) extends and laterally rotates humerus 1 latissimus dorsi teres major spinous processes of inferior thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, ribs (812) & lumbodorsal fascia scapula (inferior angle) teres minor scapula (lateral border) subscapularis subscapular fossa of scapula humerus (intertubercular groove) extends, adducts, & medially rotates humerus humerus (intertubercular groove) humerus (greater tubercle) extends, adducts, & medially rotates humerus laterally rotates humerus lesser tubercle of humerus medial rotation of shoulder Muscles of the Posterior Thorax Muscle levator scapulae Origin(s) transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (1-4) Insertion(s) scapula Action(s) elevates scapula infraspinatus infraspinous fossa of scapula greater tubercle of humerus lateral rotation at shoulder supraspinatus supraspinous fossa of scapula greater tubercle of humerus abduction at the shoulder rhomboid major spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae spinous processes of vertebrae C7 to T1 occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of all thoracic vertebrae iliac crest, vertebrae, and ribs 3-6 scapula adducts scapula & downward rotation adducts scapula & downward rotation elevates, retracts, depresses, or rotates scapula; elevates clavicle; extends neck extends vertebral column and/or neck; lateral flexion of vertebral column rhomboid minor trapezius erector spinae (really 3 groups of muscles) scapula clavicle & scapula ribs and vertebrae above the origin Muscles of the Body Wall Muscle rectus abdominus pubis external oblique ribs 5-12 internal oblique ilium (iliac crest) and lumbodorsal fascia Inferior ribs, xiphoid process & linea alba transversus abdominus ilium (iliac crest), lower ribs (6-12), and lumbodorsal fascia inferior border of each rib linea alba & pubis compresses abdomen, depresses ribs & flexes spine compresses abdomen, depresses ribs & flexes spine compresses abdomen superior border of rib below elevates ribs during inspiration external intercostals Origin(s) Insertion(s) costal cartilage of ribs 5-7 & sternum (xiphoid process) ilium (iliac crest) & linea alba Action(s) depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column 2 internal intercostals superior border of each rib inferior border of rib above depresses ribs during expiration quadratus lumborum iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament last rib and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae together, depress ribs; alone flexes vertebral column laterally diaphragm xiphoid process, cartilages of ribs 4-10, anterior surfaces of lumbar vertebrae central tendonous sheet contraction expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominopelvic cavity Muscles of the Arm Muscle biceps brachii Origin(s) scapula (coracoid process) Insertion(s) radius (tuberosity) brachialis humerus (anterior distal surface) humerus (ridge superior to lateral epicondyle) scapula & humerus ulna Action(s) flexes elbow & supinates forearm (turns corkscrew & pulls cork) flexes elbow radius (styloid process) flexes elbow ulna (olecranon process) extends elbow brachioradialis triceps brachii Muscles of the Forearm Muscle supinator pronator teres flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis extensor digitorum Origin(s) humerus (lateral epicondyle) and ulna humerus (medial epicondyle) & ulna (coronoid process) humerus (medial epicondyle) humerus (medial epicondyle) & ulna humerus humerus (lateral epicondyle) & ulna humerus (medial epicondyle) & anterior of ulna and radius humerus (lateral epicondyle) radius Insertion(s) Action(s) supinates forearm radius pronates forearm base of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals pisiform, hamate, & base of 5th metacarpal base of 2nd metacarpal flexes & abducts wrist base of 5th metacarpal extends & adducts wrist midlateral surface of phalanges 2-5 flexes digits 2-5 and wrist posterior surface of phalanges 2-5 extends digits 2-5 and wrist flexes & adducts wrist extends & abducts wrist 3 Muscles of the Hip Muscle iliopsoas (= iliacus + psoas major) gluteus maximus Insertion(s) femur (lesser trochanter) Action(s) flexes hip femur & iliotibial tract gluteus medius Origin(s) vertebrae (T12-L5) & ilium (iliac fossa) ilium (iliac crest), sacrum, & coccyx ilium (anterior iliac crest) gluteus minimus ilium femur (greater trochanter) tensor fasciae latae ilium (iliac crest & anterior superior iliac spine) iliotibial tract adductor longus pubis (inferior ramus) femur (linea aspera) adductor brevis pubis (inferior ramus) femur (linea aspera) adductor magnus pubis (inferior ramus) & ischium (ischial tuberosity) femur (linea aspera) extends & laterally rotates thigh abducts & medially rotates thigh abducts & medially rotates thigh flexes and medially rotates thigh; tenses fascia lata which laterally supports the knee adducts, flexes, & medially rotates thigh adducts, flexes, & medially rotates thigh adducts, & medially rotates thigh femur (greater trochanter) Muscles of the Thigh Muscle rectus femoris Insertion(s) tibia (tibial tuberosity) via patellar tendon Action(s) extends knee & flexes thigh at the hip extends knee semimembranosus femur (proximal half of linea aspera) femur (distal half of linea aspera) ischium (ischial tuberosity) & femur (linea aspera) ischium (ischial tuberosity) tibia (tibial tuberosity) via patellar tendon tibia (tibial tuberosity) via patellar tendon tibia (tibial tuberosity) via patellar tendon tibia (lateral condyle) & fibula (head) tibia (medial condyle) semitendinosus ischium (ischial tuberosity) tibia gracilis pubis (inferior ramus) tibia sartorius ilium (anterior superior spine) tibia (medial surface near tibial tuberosity) vastus medialis vastus lateralis vastus intermedius biceps femoris Origin(s) ilium (anterior inferior spine) & rim of acetabulum femur (entire linea aspera) extends knee extends knee flexes knee, extends & laterally rotates thigh flexes knee, medially rotates leg, & extends hip flexes knee, medially rotates leg, & extends hip flexes leg, adducts & medially rotates thigh flexes knee, flexes & laterally rotates thigh (“tailors muscle”) Muscles of the Leg Muscle gastrocnemius Origin(s) femur (condyles) soleus tibia & fibula (head) popliteus lateral condyle of femur Insertion(s) calcaneous via calcaneal tendon calcaneous via calcaneal tendon Action(s) plantar flexes foot, inverts foot, and flexes knee plantar flexes foot posterior surface of proximal tibial shaft medial rotation of tibia; flexion at knee 4 peroneus (fibularis) longus lateral condyle of tibia & fibula base of 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform bone peroneus (fibularis) brevis tibialis anterior fibula tibia (lateral condyle) tibialis posterior tibia and fibula base of 5th metatarsal base of 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform bone tarsals and metatarsals flexor digitorum longus tibia extensor digitorum longus tibia (lateral condyle) & fibula inferior surface of phalanges 2-5 superior surface of phalanges 2-5 plantar flexes & everts foot; supports longitudinal arch plantar flexes & everts foot dorsiflexes & inverts foot adducts, inverts, and plantar flexes foot flexes toes 2-5 extends toes 2-5 5