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Contributes to every
dimension of wellness
 Defining psychological
health

› Positively (presence of
wellness)
› Negatively (absence of
sickness)
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
Abraham Maslow’s Toward a Psychology
of Being (1968)
› Hierarchy of needs
 Physiological needs
 Safety and security
 Love and belongingness
 Self-esteem
 Self-actualization
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
Self-Actualization
› Realism
› Acceptance
 Self-concept
 Self-esteem
› Autonomy
› Authenticity
› Capacity for intimacy
› Creativity
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
Martin Seligman
› Goal of positive psychology
 “To find and nurture genius and talent”
 “To make normal life more fulfilling”
› Happiness achieved in different ways
 The pleasant life
 Maximizing positive emotions
 The engaged life
 Emotional intelligence
 The meaningful life
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
Not the same as psychological normality
› Mentally normal simply means being close to
average

Psychological diversity
› Range of ideas, lifestyles, and attitudes
“Mentally ill” versus “mentally healthy”
 Psychological health can’t be judged on
outward appearance

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Growing up psychologically
 Erik Erickson’s stages of life

› Developing an adult identity
 Identity crisis
› Developing intimacy
› Developing values and
purpose in your life
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
Developing a positive self-concept
› Integration
› Stability
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
Meeting challenges to self-esteem
› Challenge your self-concept
 Acknowledge that something has gone wrong
› Notice your patterns of thinking
 Cognitive distortions
› Avoid focusing on the negative
› Develop realistic self-talk
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
Defense mechanisms
› Healthy and adaptive—humor, altruism
 Can also be maladaptive; obscuring solutions
Being optimistic
 Maintaining honest communication

› Assertiveness training
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Dealing with loneliness
 Dealing with anger

› Reframe/distract
› Validate/disengage
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
Anxiety disorders
› Specific phobia
 Fear of something definite
› Social phobia
 Fear of humiliation or embarrassment while being
observed by others
› Panic disorder
 Sudden unexpected surges in anxiety
 Agoraphobia
 Panic attacks
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
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
› Excessive and uncontrolled worry about many
issues
› Persistent feeling of nervousness, depression

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
› Obsessions: recurrent, unwanted thoughts or
impulses
› Compulsions: repetitive, difficult-to-resist actions
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
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
› Reaction to a severely traumatic event
› Acute stress disorder if symptoms resolve in
less than a month

Treatment for anxiety disorders
› Medication
› Psychological interventions
 Cognitive-behavioral therapy
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
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
› Inattention
› Hyperactivity
› Impulsivity

To be diagnosed with ADHD:
› Symptoms before age 12
› Persistent pattern of behaviors
 Present in two or more settings
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
Depression
› Most common mood disorder
› Demoralization






Feeling of sadness and hopelessness
Loss of pleasure
Poor appetite, insomnia, restlessness
Thoughts of worthlessness
Trouble concentrating
Thoughts of death or suicide
› Dysthymic disorder
 Symptoms for longer than 2 years
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
Treatment depends on severity
› Drug therapy
 Antidepressants
 Target key neurotransmitters in the brain, including
serotonin
› Psychotherapy
› Hospitalization if suicidal
› Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
 Light therapy for those with seasonal affective
disorder (SAD)
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
Mania
› Mood disorder characterized by excessive
elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated
self-esteem

Bipolar disorder
› Mental illness characterized by alternating
periods of depression and mania
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
Schizophrenia
› Mental disorder that affects thinking and
perceptions of reality
› General characteristics





Disorganized thoughts
Inappropriate emotions
Delusions
Auditory hallucinations
Deteriorating social and work function
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







Expressing the “wish” to be dead
Increasing social withdrawal/isolation
Sudden inexplicable lightening of mood
Previous history of attempts
Suicide by a family member or friend
Readily available means of committing suicide
History of substance abuse or eating disorders
Serious medical problems
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
Biological
› Pharmacological therapy

Behavioral
› Stimulus, response, and reinforcement
› Practice exposure

Cognitive
› Ideas, attitudes, behaviors and feelings

Psychodynamic
› Thoughts
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
Evaluation of the models
 Cognitive behavioral therapies
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
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
› Distress tolerance, mindfulness

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
› Psychological flexibility
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
Self help
› Books
› Writing a journal
› Religious practice
› Social groups
Peer counseling and support groups
 Professional help

› Determine the need
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