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Clinical Laboratory Studies Chapter 6 Laboratory Testing • Peripheral venous blood • Body fluids or secretions – Sputum – Pleural fluid – Cerebrospinal fluid – Urine – Feces – Sweat Hematology 1. Cellular Elements a. b. c. CBC Platelet count Reticulocyte count 2. Proteins in the Plasma a. b. c. PT INR APTT WBC - leukocytes RBC – erythrocytes Platelets - thrombocytes WBC • WBC Differential – Granulocytes • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils – Lymphocytes – Monocytes WBC Abnormalities • • • • • • • • • • • • Leukocytosis Leukopenia Neutrophilia Neutropenia Pseudoneutrophilia Pseudoneutropenia Left Shift Eosinophilia Basophilia Lymphocytosis Lymphocytopenia Monocytosis • Leukemia • Myeloproliferative disorders RBC • • • • • • • Normoblasts Hematocrit Hemoglobin MCV MCH MCHC RDW RBC Abnormalities • Anemia – Microcytic hypochromic – Normocytic normochromic – Macrocytic • Polycythemia – Primary – Secondary – Spurious • • • • Reticulocyte count Sedimentation rate Platelet count Coagulation studies – Bleeding time – Platelet count – APTT – PT/INR Chemistry • • • • • • • • Electrolyte Concentrations BUN/Creatinine Enzymes Glucose Proteins Lipids Tumor Markers Drug Monitoring Electrolyte Concentrations • Sodium (Na+) – Hypernatremia – Hyponatremia • Potassium (K-) – Hyperkalemia – Hypokalemia • Chloride (Cl-) – Hyperchloremia – hypochloremia • Total CO2 • Anion Gap • Electrolyte concentration of Sweat Renal Function • BUN • Creatinine Enzymes • • • • • • AST ALT ALP ACP LDH CK • • • • Myoglobin Troponin Amylase Lipase Glucose • Hyperglycemia • Hypoglycemia • • • • Proteins Lipids Tumor Markers Drug Monitoring Microbiology • Normal flora vs sterile areas of the body • Pathogenic organisms • Classification • Culture and Sensitivity • • • • Sputum Collection Sputum Examination BAL Pleural Fluid Examination Urinalysis • • • • • • • • • • • Appearance Specific gravity pH Protein - proteinuria Glucose – glucosuria Ketones Blood - hematuria Bilirubin Urobilinogen Nitrate Sediment • Histology - Biopsy – Lung tissue – Tumors • Cytology – Fluids – Secretions • Skin Testing
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