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Jupiter-Like Planets The Jovian Planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Appearances Clouds Storms Insides p. 172 Earth-like: 3.9 – 5.5 g/cm3 Jupiter & Saturn Liquid molecular hydrogen/helium Liquid metallic hydrogen Rocky core p. 175 p. 175 Uranus & Neptune Liquid molecular hydrogen/helium ‘Slush’ Rocky core p. 175 * Most Jovians are net radiators . . . Internal heat/solar heat Jupiter 2 Saturn 3 Uranus 1 Neptune 1.5 * Jovians rotate differentially . . . ‘slow’ ‘fast’ Fluid interior Magnetic Fields * Fluid, conducting interiors + rapid rotation huge magnetic fields Strange geometry Jovian Magnetospheres Jupiter & Saturn Aurorae Atmospheres * No solid surfaces! * Composition: mainly hydrogen & helium + some methane & ammonia. * Heated mainly from bottom. * Rapid rotation drives high-speed east-west winds, forming clouds into zones & belts. * Sustain giant cyclonic storms: - Great Red Spot - Great Dark Spot Jupiter’s atmosphere Zone Belt Rising air . . . . . . Falling air . . . Convection! Temp p. 175 Great Red Spot . . . Cyclonic Storm Great Red Spot (Jupiter) Red Spot Movie Great Dark Spot (Neptune) Galileo atmospheric probe 370 mi - 230 oF +300 oF Blue-green of Uranus & Neptune is due to methane Moons Jupiter’s Family Io Recent volcanic deposits Vents Volcanic Plumes Sulfur deposits Volcano from above Lava lake? Europa Icy Surface Water beneath the ice? Cracks in the Ice Ice ‘Rafts’ p. 175 Ganymede Craters in icy crust Strange grooved terrain – suggestive of tectonic activity . . . Callisto The most heavily cratered body in the Solar System! Valhalla Impact Basin Saturn’s Moons Titan Titan Haze (‘smog’) 90% nitrogen Ethane lakes? Voyager, 1981 Hubble Space Telescope, 1998 Cassini mission to Saturn (Arrival: 2004) Huygens probe descending toward Titan Rhea Enceladus Dione Densities ~ 1.2 – 1.4 g/cm3 Ice + rock interiors & icy surfaces. Some of Saturn’s minor satellites. Moons of Uranus Miranda Miranda Groovy terrain! Neptune: 8 moons Neptune Triton Triton ‘Cantaloupe’ terrain Nitrogen ice surface Temp = - 390 oF South polar cap Dark streaks Streaks probably result from nitrogen geysers. Old Faithful Clouds in a thin nitrogen atmosphere. Rings RINGS * Consist of particles, each following an orbit about a planet, like a small moon. Jupiter: ‘smoke’ particles. Saturn: chunks of ice & icy rock ‘Braids’ in the F Ring. Shepherd satellites (‘moons’) and F Ring. Ring ‘Spokes.’ Uranus: Dark & chunky ring particles. Neptune: Dark & chunky ring particles.
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