Download Developments in The Construction of Tall Buildings

NAME:
선택과 집중 김영
Developments in the Construction of Tall Buildings
1
Until the nineteenth century, most tall buildings were constructed of load-bearing masonry walls. Masonry walls had to be
thick, particularly at the base, to support a building’s great weight. Stoneworkers built these walls by placing stone upon stone or
brick upon brick, adding strength and stability by placing layers of mortar or cement between the stones. Floors and roofs had to be
supported by wooden beams, but the major vertical force of buildings was supported by thick masonry walls. This imposed serious
limitations on the number and size of windows.
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In the 1850’s, an alternative was emerging that would eliminate the need for exterior weight-bearing walls: a three-
dimensional grid of metal beams and columns. The introduction of metal construction made it possible to build larger interior spaces
with fewer columns than before. The new construction was capable of supporting all the loads to which a building might be
subjected, including the vertical forces caused by the weight of the floors and the horizontal forces caused by the wind or
earthquakes.
3
The first buildings to depart from the load-bearing wall tradition were iron-framed. Wrought iron, shaped by hammering the
heated metal or rolling it under extreme pressure, contains almost no carbon, and when used as floor beams, it can support a great
deal of weight. An interior wrought iron skeleton supported all of the building’s weight. Exterior walls of reinforced concrete acted
mainly as weatherproofing. As masonry yielded to concrete, walls that once bore weight evolved into thin curtain walls that would
allow more windows. These modifications produced sturdier, lighter, and taller buildings that quickly became known as skyscrapers.
Skyscrapers satisfied the growing need for office space, warehouses, and department stores. Buildings of eight or more stories
quickly transformed the city skyline and dominated the central business districts of American cities such as New York, Chicago, and
St. Louis.
4
Skyscrapers differed from previous tall structure with their use of technical innovations such as cast iron and the elevator. The
development of cast iron technology, in which molten iron is poured into a mold, made modern plumbing possible.
Cast iron pipes,
fittings, and valves could deliver pressurized water to the man floors of tall buildings and drain wastewater out. The invention of the
mechanical elevator made it possible to construct even taller buildings.
Before the elevator, office buildings were rarely more than
four or five stories high. In 1857, the first passenger elevator equipped with safety brakes prevented the elevator from falling to the
basement when a cable broke. The elevator made the upper floors as rentable as the first floor, liberating architecture from
dependence on stairways and human muscle.
5
Not only did these innovations have important uses in the engineering of tall buildings, but they also erased the traditional
architectural distinctions separating the bottom, middle, and top of a building. Architects designed towers that reached to the
heavens in a continuous vertical grid. Iron construction established the principle of repetitive rhythms as a natural expression of
construction, as well as the idea that buildings could be made of new materials on a vast scale.
6
Construction techniques were refined and extended over the next several decades to produce what architectural historians
have called “true skyscrapers,” buildings over twenty stories high. The invention of steel was particularly significant, as steel Tbeams and I-beams replaced iron in these new structures. Steel weighs less than half as much as masonry and exceeds both
masonry and iron in tension and compression strength as well as resistance to fatigue. Steel rivets replaced iron bolts and were in
turn replaced by electric are welding in the 1920s. The sky scraper’s steel skeleton could meet all of the structural requirements
while occupying very little interior space. Exterior curtain walls could be quite thin, since their only function now was to let in light
and keep the weather out.
NAME:
1. Which of the following was a typical characteristic of tall
선택과 집중 김영
1
Until the nineteenth century, most tall buildings were
buildings before the nineteenth century?
constructed of load-bearing masonry walls. Masonry walls
a. Stone floors and roofs
had to be thick, particularly at the base, to support a
b. Thick walls of stone or brick
building’s great weight. Stoneworkers built these walls by
c. A large number of tall windows
placing stone upon stone or brick upon brick, adding strength
d. An interior frame of metal
and stability by placing layers of mortar or cement between
the stones. Floors and roofs had to be supported by wooden
2. The word force in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
beams, but the major vertical force of buildings was
a. appearance
supported by thick masonry walls. This imposed serious
b. shape
limitations on the number and size of windows.
c. load
2
d. movement
eliminate the need for exterior weight-bearing walls: a three-
In the 1850’s, an alternative was emerging that would
dimensional grid of metal beams and columns. The
3. All of the following are given as benefits of iron-frame
introduction of metal construction made it possible to build
construction EXCEPT
larger interior spaces with fewer columns than before. The
a. sturdy walls made of stone or brick
new construction was capable of supporting all the loads to
b. large interior spaces with few columns
which a building might be subjected, including the vertical
c. a skeleton that supported heavy loads
forces caused by the weight of the floors and the horizontal
d. exterior walls with many windows
forces caused by the wind or earthquakes.
4. Which sentence below best expresses the essential
3
The first buildings to depart from the load-bearing wall
information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3?
tradition were iron-framed. Wrought iron, shaped by
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways
hammering the heated metal or rolling it under extreme
or leave out essential information
pressure, contains almost no carbon, and when used as floor
a. Although masonry walls could bear heavier loads,
beams, it can support a great deal of weight. An interior
architects preferred concrete walls because they were
wrought iron skeleton supported all of the building’s weight.
easier to build
Exterior walls of reinforced concrete acted mainly as
b. Walls used to be made of load-bearing masonry; now
weatherproofing. As masonry yielded to concrete, walls that
they were thin and made of concrete, so more windows
once bore weight evolved into thin curtain walls that would
were possible.
allow more windows. These modifications produced sturdier,
c. Because tall buildings had such thin exterior walls, the
lighter, and taller buildings that quickly became known as
windows needed curtains to prevent heat loss through
skyscrapers. Skyscrapers satisfied the growing need for
the concrete
office space, warehouses, and department stores. Buildings
d. Masonry replaced concrete as the material for outside
of eight or more stories quickly transformed the city skyline
walls, and this allowed skyscrapers to have a lot of
and dominated the central business districts of American
windows.
cities such as New York, Chicago, and St. Louis.
5. According to the passage, which of the following
statements is true of the earliest skyscrapers?
a. They required the labor of stoneworkers
b. They were eight or more stories high
c. They had very thick exterior walls
d. They were constructed with steel beams.
NAME:
6. Why does the author discuss the elevator in paragraph 4?
선택과 집중 김영
4
Skyscrapers differed from previous tall structure with
a. To illustrate an important use of cast iron technology
their use of technical innovations such as cast iron and the
b. To compare the elevator with the office building
elevator. The development of cast iron technology, in which
c. To explain why early elevators were dangerous
molten iron is poured into a mold, made modern plumbing
d. To show how an innovation contributed to architecture
possible.
Cast iron pipes, fittings, and valves could deliver
pressurized water to the man floors of tall buildings and drain
7. The word rentable in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
wastewater out. The invention of the mechanical elevator
a. strong
made it possible to construct even taller buildings.
Before
b. beautiful
the elevator, office buildings were rarely more than four or
c. large
five stories high. In 1857, the first passenger elevator
d. desirable
equipped with safety brakes prevented the elevator from
falling to the basement when a cable broke. The elevator
8. The word they in paragraph 5 refers to
made the upper floors as rentable as the first floor, liberating
a. innovations
architecture from dependence on stairways and human
b. uses
muscle.
c. buildings
5
d. architects
the engineering of tall buildings, but they also erased the
Not only did these innovations have important uses in
traditional architectural distinctions separating the bottom,
9. The word refined in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to
middle, and top of a building. Architects designed towers that
a. reviewed
reached to the heavens in a continuous vertical grid. Iron
b. copied
construction established the principle of repetitive rhythms as
c. made cheaper
a natural expression of construction, as well as the idea that
d. improved
buildings could be made of new materials on a vast scale.
6
Construction techniques were refined and extended
over the next several decades to produce what architectural
historians have called “true skyscrapers,” buildings over
twenty stories high. The invention of steel was particularly
significant, as steel T-beams and I-beams replaced iron in
these new structures. Steel weighs less than half as much as
masonry and exceeds both masonry and iron in tension and
compression strength as well as resistance to fatigue. Steel
rivets replaced iron bolts and were in turn replaced by
electric are welding in the 1920s. The sky scraper’s steel
skeleton could meet all of the structural requirements while
occupying very little interior space. Exterior curtain walls
could be quite thin, since their only function now was to let in
light and keep the weather out.
NAME:
선택과 집중 김영
10. According to the passage, why did steel replace iron in
the construction of skyscrapers?
a. Steel is stronger than iron and resists fatigue better
b. Steel allows architects more freedom of expression
c. Steel is more available and less expensive than iron
d. Steel does not rust, so it lasts longer than iron does
11. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most
likely believes which of the following about the skyscraper?
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a. The skyscraper is most beautiful when constructed of
their use of technical innovations such as cast iron and the
traditional materials.
A Skyscrapers differed from previous tall structure with
elevator. The development of cast iron technology, in which
b. Cast iron technology and the elevator made the
skyscraper possible
molten iron is poured into a mold, made modern plumbing
possible. B Cast iron pipes, fittings, and valves could deliver
c. Most technology used in the skyscraper existed before
the nineteenth century
pressurized water to the man floors of tall buildings and drain
wastewater out. The invention of the mechanical elevator
d. The definition of “true skyscraper” will probably change
in the future
made it possible to construct even taller buildings. C Before
the elevator, office buildings were rarely more than four or
five stories high. In 1857, the first passenger elevator
12. Look at the four squares which indicate where the
equipped with safety brakes prevented the elevator from
following sentence could be added to the passage. Where
falling to the basement when a cable broke. The elevator
would the sentence best fit?
made the upper floors as rentable as the first floor, liberating
Sophisticated
plumbing
was
needed
to
service
bathrooms and also to heat buildings with either
stream or hot water.
architecture from dependence on stairways and human
muscle. D
NAME:
선택과 집중 김영
13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by
selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in
the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This
question is worth 2 points.
In the nineteenth century, there were several important developments in the construction of tall buildings.
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*
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Answer Choices
a. Masonry walls were built very thick at the base to support the building’s mass
b. The development of metal-frame construction eliminated the need for load-bearing walls
c. Heating iron or subjecting it to pressure enabled ironworkers to create new shapes
d. An iron or steel skeleton supported the building’s weight, and concrete walls kept the weather out
e. A growing need for office buildings and department stores led to the invention of the skyscraper
f. Inventions such as the elevator and steel beams allowed taller buildings than ever before.