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Cells
and Their Functions
Functional Anatomy of Cells

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Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic cells have three
alike cellular structures.
Nucleus, Plasma Membrane, and
Cytoplasm.
Plasma Membrane


Separates the cell from its surrounding
environment.
Gives cell small amounts of support.
Cytoplasm

Thick gel-like substance inside of the cell
composed of numerous organelles
suspended in watery cytosol.
Nucleus


Large membranous structure near the
center of the cell.
Contains chromosomes, all hereditary
information of the body.
Cell Membranes

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Each cell contains a variety of membranes
The first type is a plasma membrane.
The second is membranous organelles.
Most cell membranes have a double layer
of phospholipid molecules.
Cytoplasm and Organelles

Cytoplasm is a gel-like internal substance
of cells that includes many organelles
suspended in watery intracellular fluid.
Organelles

Organelles are broken down into two
categories:
- membranous organelles, which are
specialized sacs or canals made of cell
membranes.
- Nonmembranous organelles are made of
microscopic filaments.
Membranous Organelles

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Endoplasmic Reticulum is made of
membranous curved sacs, arranged in
parallel rows.
Proteins move through these curved sacs.
There are two types of endoplasmic
reticulum: Rough and Smooth
Rough ER

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Ribosomes cover the outside of Rough ER
This helps aid in the process of protein
synthesis.
Smooth ER

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No ribosomes border the outer walls of
Smooth ER.
Helps synthesize certain lipids and
carbohydrates.
Golgi Apparatus



Membranous organelle consisting of
cisternae, stacked on one another located
by the nucleus.
Processes protein molecules from the ER
Package molecules proteins with
carbohydrates to make glycoproteins.
Lysosomes


Made of microscopic membranous sacs
that have pinched off from the Golgi
Apparatus.
The cell’s own digestive system; enzymes
in lysosomes digest free floating particles in
the cell, or in some instances lysosomes
digest the cell, in a cell suicide.
Peroxisomes

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Small membranous sacs containing
enzymes that detoxify the harmful
substances that enter the cell.
Often found near or in the kidney.
Mitochondria


Powerhouse of the cell
Through mitochondrial reactions, the
mitochondria supplies the cell with over
95% of its energy.
Nucleus



House the genetic code.
Starts protein synthesis in the cell
Organisizes all cell activities including, cell
transport, metabolism, and growth.
Nonmembranous Organelles

Ribosomes, cytoskeleton, cilia, an
nucleolus are all nonmembranous cell
organelles.
Ribosomes

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Ribosomes are found on the outer walls of
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, and in the
cytoplasm of the cell.
Ribosomes are nonmembranous and are
made of two pieces, a large subunit, and a
small subunit. Both are made of RNA.
Ribosomes are vital in protein production.
Cytoskeleton

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Acts as a framework to support the cell and
its organelles.
Functions in cell movement
Forms cell extensions such as cilia or
flagella.
Cell Extensions

Cilia and flagella are hairlike cell extensions
that serve to move the cell or propel sperm
cells.
Nucleolus

Part of the nucleus that plays an essential
role in the formation of ribosomes.
Special Cell extensions

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Microvilli are cell extensions that are found
in epithelial cells that line the intestines.
They can also be found anywhere in the
body where absorption is important.
Cell Connections

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Cells are held together by fibrous nets that
surround groups of cells.
There are three types of cell connections:
desmosomes, gap junctions, and tight
junctions.
Desmosomes

Spot welds, that hold adjacent cells
together.