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IE1206 Embedded Electronics Le1 Le2 Le3 Ex1 PIC-block Documentation, Serial com Pulse sensors I, U, R, P, serial and parallell KC1 LAB1 Pulse sensors, Menu program Start of programing task Le4 Ex2 Le5 Ex3 Kirchhoffs laws Node analysis Two ports R2R AD Le6 Ex4 Le7 Le8 Ex5 Le9 Ex6 Le10 Le11 Le12 Ex7 Le13 Two ports, AD, Comparator/Schmitt KC2 LAB2 KC3 LAB3 Transients PWM Step-up, RC-oscillator Phasor j PWM CCP KAP/IND-sensor KC4 LAB4 Display Written exam LC-osc, DC-motor, CCP PWM LP-filter Trafo Display of programing task Trafo, Ethernet contact William Sandqvist [email protected] Closed circuit? discussion. Current can only flow through a circuit on condition there is a closed circuit. Describe in words the action of circuits a) … d) when when you operate the two switches. 220 V 220 V a) b) 220 V 220 V c) ( All the circuits are perhaps not as useful … ) William Sandqvist [email protected] d) 103 William Sandqvist [email protected] Series resistors William Sandqvist [email protected] Series resistors no current = not included in circuit! William Sandqvist [email protected] Series resistors no current = not included in circuit! RERS 4 2 3 8 17 William Sandqvist [email protected] William Sandqvist [email protected] Two resistors in Parallell William Sandqvist [email protected] Equivalent resistance (1.2) R1 = 1 R2 = 21 R3 = 42 R4 = 30 RERS = 30//(1+21//42) 21 42 14 (1 21 // 42) 15 21 42 30 15 30 // 15 10 RERS 10 30 15 21 // 42 William Sandqvist [email protected] William Sandqvist [email protected] N same value in parallell R1 R2 RN R 1 1 1 N RERS R R R RERS ( N ) R N William Sandqvist [email protected] OK to move … Redrawn: William Sandqvist [email protected] William Sandqvist [email protected] Equivalent resistance (1.6) RTOT = 2+(12//12)//(24//24) // means parallell connection 12 // 12 6 24 // 24 12 6 12 (12 // 12) //( 24 // 24) 4 6 12 RTOT 2 4 6 William Sandqvist [email protected] Equivalent resistance (1.1) RTOT = 1//(0,5+0,5) +1//(0,5+0,5) =1//1+1//1= 0,5+0,5 = 1 William Sandqvist [email protected] William Sandqvist [email protected] Equivalent resistance (1.8) RTOT = (2+20//5)//(20//5+2) 20 5 (2 20 // 5) 2 24 6 20 5 RTOT 3 William Sandqvist [email protected] 6 // 6 3 William Sandqvist [email protected] Potentiometer Appearance at our labs. William Sandqvist [email protected] Equivalent resistance (1.10) William Sandqvist [email protected] Equivalent resistance (1.10) a) RERS = 10/2 = 5 k William Sandqvist [email protected] Equivalent resistance (1.10) a) RERS = 10/2 = 5 k b) RERS = 5/2 + 5/2 = 5 k William Sandqvist [email protected] Equivalent resistance (1.10) a) RERS = 10/2 = 5 k b) RERS = 5/2 + 5/2 = 5 k c) RERS = 0 ! William Sandqvist [email protected] William Sandqvist [email protected] Voltage divider Voltage division Divided Total Voltage Voltage factor According to the voltage divider formula tyou get a divided voltage, for example U1 across the resistor R1, by multiplying the total voltage U with a voltage division factor. This voltage division factor is the resistance R1 divided by the sum of all the resistorss that are in the series connection. William Sandqvist [email protected] Resistive sensors, rotate and slide resistances RTOT RTOT R = RTOTx x x R R x relative movement/rotation 0 < x <1 William Sandqvist [email protected] Potentiometer with load (1.11) Without RB U E x {0 ... x ... 1} William Sandqvist [email protected] Potentiometer with load (1.11) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 U [V] x 0,2 0,4 At x = 0 and x = 1 then U = 0 and U = 5V. At x = 0,5 the load RB draws current from the voltage divider and this ” reduce” U. William Sandqvist [email protected] 0,6 0,8 1,0 Potentiometer with load ? Would you happen to wish for any of the non-linear relationship that exists in the figure, it costs apparently just an extra resistor R2! William Sandqvist [email protected] William Sandqvist [email protected] Seriel circuit (3.1) Determine the current I, its magnitude and direction. 8 6 12 2 3,6 2,4 4,8 10,8 2 I 0,19 A 10,8 William Sandqvist [email protected] William Sandqvist [email protected] Serial – parallel circuits (3.4) 4 Calculate current I = ? And voltage U = ? for the serial-parallel circuit in the figure. I =? 4 E Calculate the equivalent resistance:10 V RERS = 2//(4//4) = 2//2 = 1 149 1 2 4 1 Current I = URERS/4 = 2/4 = 0,5 A Voltage U 2 4 1,5 Calculate voltage over the equivalent resistor URERS U RERS 10 0,5 0,5 0,5 V 1,5 0,5 William Sandqvist [email protected] + U =? - William Sandqvist [email protected] Serial – parallel circuits (3.3) R 1 24 Calculate current I = ? And voltage U = ? for the serial-parallel circuit in the figure. We start by calculating two equivalent resistances: R 2 12 E +U - R 3 9 I R4 18 R5 6 12V 203 R1// 2 24 12 8 24 12 1 R3 // 4 // 5 1 1 1 2 1 3 6 18 R3 // 4 // 5 3 9 18 6 18 18 6 Voltage divider: U 12 8 8,73 U 3 // 4 // 5 E U 83 I William Sandqvist [email protected] U 3 // 4 // 5 12 8,73 0,55 A R5 6 William Sandqvist [email protected] Serial – parallel circuits (3.5) Calculate current I = ? And voltage U = ? for the serial-parallel circuit in the figure. E We calculates a equivalent 36V resistance: R3 // 4,5 R 2 4 R 4 1 I R1 R3 R5 1 6 2 217 6 (1 2) 2 6 1 2 UR1 = 36 V. UR3 = UR3//4,5 can be calculated by voltage division: U R3 E R3 // 4,5 R3 // 4,5 R2 36 U 2 12 12 I R 3 2 A 24 R3 6 U can be calculated by voltage division: U U R 3 // 4,5 R5 2 12 8V R4 R5 1 2 William Sandqvist [email protected] + - U William Sandqvist [email protected] (3.2) OHM’s law are often enough! I a) Calculate the resultant resistance RERS for the three parallel connected branches. b) Culculate current I and voltage U. 1 + U - I1 I2 I3 1 8 E 8 3 + U1 - 12 V 102 c) Calculate the three currents I1 I2 and I3 together with the voltage U1 over 3 -resistor. William Sandqvist [email protected] OHM’s law … I 1 + U - I1 I2 I3 1 8 E 8 3 + U1 - 12 V 102 William Sandqvist [email protected] OHM’s law … RERS 1 1 1 1 4 8 RERS 2 RERS 8 1 3 8 8 4 I 1 + U - I1 I2 I3 1 8 E 8 3 + U1 - 12 V 102 William Sandqvist [email protected] OHM’s law … RERS 1 1 1 1 4 8 RERS 2 RERS 8 1 3 8 8 4 I I 1 E 12 4 1 RERS 1 2 + U - I1 I2 I3 1 8 E 8 3 + U1 - 12 V 102 William Sandqvist [email protected] OHM’s law … RERS 1 1 1 1 4 8 RERS 2 RERS 8 1 3 8 8 4 I I 1 E 12 4 1 RERS 1 2 I1 I2 I3 1 8 E U I RERS 4 2 8 + U - 8 3 + U1 - 12 V 102 William Sandqvist [email protected] OHM’s law … 1 1 1 1 4 8 RERS 2 RERS 8 1 3 8 8 4 I I 1 E 12 4 1 RERS 1 2 I1 I2 I3 1 8 E U I RERS 4 2 8 + U - 8 3 + U1 - 12 V 102 I1 U 8 1 8 8 William Sandqvist [email protected] OHM’s law … 1 1 1 1 4 8 RERS 2 RERS 8 1 3 8 8 4 I I 1 E 12 4 1 RERS 1 2 + U - I1 I2 I3 1 8 E U I RERS 4 2 8 8 3 + U1 - 12 V 102 I1 U 8 1 8 8 I2 U 8 2 1 3 1 3 William Sandqvist [email protected] OHM’s law … 1 1 1 1 4 8 RERS 2 RERS 8 1 3 8 8 4 I I + U - 1 E 12 4 1 RERS 1 2 I1 I2 I3 1 8 3 E U I RERS 4 2 8 8 + U1 - 12 V 102 I1 U 8 1 8 8 I2 U 8 2 1 3 1 3 I3 U 8 1 8 8 William Sandqvist [email protected] OHM’s law … 1 1 1 1 4 8 RERS 2 RERS 8 1 3 8 8 4 I I + U - 1 E 12 4 1 RERS 1 2 I1 I2 I3 1 8 3 E U I RERS 4 2 8 8 + U1 - 12 V 102 I1 U 8 1 8 8 I2 U 8 2 1 3 1 3 I3 U 8 1 8 8 U1 I 2 3 2 3 6 William Sandqvist [email protected] OHM’s law … 1 1 1 1 4 8 RERS 2 RERS 8 1 3 8 8 4 I I + U - 1 E 12 4 1 RERS 1 2 I1 I2 I3 1 8 3 E U I RERS 4 2 8 8 + U1 - 12 V 102 I1 U 8 1 8 8 I2 U1 I 2 3 2 3 6 U 8 2 1 3 1 3 I3 U 8 1 8 8 OHM’s law was enough! William Sandqvist [email protected] William Sandqvist [email protected]