Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Intelligent Agents: an Overview Definitions Rational behavior: to achieve a goal minimizing the cost and maximizing the satisfaction. Rational agent: Sensors to perceive the environment Effectors to change the environment A processing component that chooses how to act depending on the input, the goal, available actions, the environment. 2 Terminology Percept sequence : sequence of inputs to the agent. Performance measure: a measure of our satisfaction with the agent. Utility function: used by the agent to evaluate its actions. 3 Percepts and Actions In general, there is a mapping between the percept sequences and the possible actions. The mapping can be represented explicitly (table look up), as a function (e.g. square root agent), as a set of rules 4 Features of an Agent I The agent constructs the algorithm to accomplish the task dynamically Knowledge base Reasoning mechanisms 5 Features of an Agent II The agent accumulates experience learns from its activity and adapts Learning Through interaction with the user, and /or other agents It may change its knowledge base, it may change its reasoning procedures 6 The PAGE Model PAGE: Percepts Actions Goals Environment 7 General Scheme of Action Analyze percepts and update memory Choose best-action based on the new state of memory Update memory after the action 8 Environment Program The environment is described in terms of states Basic loop: Do until termination state: send percept to agent get action from agent evaluate action and compute performance scores update environment 9 Types of Agents Simple reflex agents Agents that keep track of the world Goal-based agents Utility-based agents 10 Reflex Agents External world IF Condition THEN Action 11 Agents that Keep Track of the World External world Memory IF Condition THEN Action 12 Goal-Based Agents Goals IF Condition THEN Choose a rule 13 Utility-Based Agents Utility function Goals IF Condition THEN Choose a rule 14 Agents and Robots Software agents Intelligent agents whose input (apart from interaction with the user) is from the virtual computer world Robots Hardware devices Input - from the real world Need more capabilities - motion, vision, reasoning about space. 15 Research in Robotics NASA robotics: http://robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/groups/rv/homepage.html Brown University: http://www.cs.brown.edu/research/areas/robotics.html Stanford Robotics: http://ai.stanford.edu/ Humanoid Robotics at MIT AI lab: http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/ Mark Tilden's bug robots http://www.beam-online.com/Robots/Galleria_other/tilden.html Robogenetics project http://www.nis.lanl.gov/projects/robot/ The Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Free University of Brussels: http://arti.vub.ac.be/ 16